Selections from the Old English Bede Published by the University of Manchester at THE UNIVERSITY PRESS (H. M. MCKECHNIE, Secretary) 12, Lime Grove, Oxford Road, Manchester. LONGMANS, GBEEN & Co. London : 39, Paternoster Row New York : 443-449, Fourth Avenue and Thirtieth Street Chicago : Prairie Avenue and Twenty-fifth Street. Bombay : Hornby Road Calcutta : 6, Old Court House Street Madras : 167, Mount Road SELECTIONS'IFROM THE OLD ENGLISH BEDE WITH TEXT AND VOCABULARY ON AN EARLY WEST SAXON BASIS, AND A SKELETON OUTLINE OF OLD ENGLISH ACCIDENCE BY W. J. SEDGEFIELD, Lirr.D., Professor of English Language in the University MANCHESTER AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS LONGMANS, GREEN & London, New York, Bombay 1917 PUBLICATIONS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER No. CX. /J7 PREFATORY NOTE. The study of Old English has hitherto been rendered unnecessarily confusing and difficult for beginners by the fact that whereas the early West Saxon dialect of King Alfred has been adopted as the standard for grammars, vocabularies and dictionaries, the actual texts employed in teaching have usually been printed practically as they occur ' in the MSS., representing no one dialect in a pure form. Thus the student has from the beginning had to reconcile the conflict of practice with precept. In the present selections the student is spared this conflict, and will find many examples of what he has learned in his grammar. He will also, it is hoped, find the selections interesting in themselves. The normalising on a West Saxon basis has not been carried out quite rigidly. A reference to Sweet's Student^ Dictionary of Anglo-Saxon will show that in a very large number of instances there may occur two (or even three) Early West Saxon forms of the same word, and in these selections the student will find occasional exemplifications of this absence of complete uniformity. The brief summary of O. E. accidence will enable the book to be used by itself as a means of learning Old English. It should be borne in mind that the O. E. version of Bede's Ecclesiastical History shows the influence of Lthe Latin, not only in its vocabulary but also occasionally in its syntax. Except for a few omissions the text has been very little tampered with. W. J. SEDGEFIELD. THE UNIVERSITY, MANCHESTER, joth January \ TABLE OF CONTENTS. Early British History - - I Anecdotes - 37 Vocabulary - 71 Skeleton Outline of O.E. Accidence - - - 94 131 6*5 Selections from the O.E. Bede. I. EARLY BRITISH HISTORY. Bede's Preface. Ic, Beda, Cristes f eow and maessepreost, sende gretan f one leofestan cyning Ceolwulf. And ic f e sende f aet spell f aet ic niwan awrat be Angelf eode and Seaxum, f e selfum to rsedanne and on semettan to smeageanne, and eac on ma stowa to writanne and to lasranne. And ic getreowie on fine geornfulnesse, forfon f u eart swicte giemende and smeagende ealdra manna cwidas and dseda and ealra swiSost fara maerra wera Ore f eode. For)?on pis gewrit o35e hit god sagaf be godum mannum, and se \>e hit gehierej?, he onhierej? fsem, o<35e hit yfel sagaj? be yfelum mannum, and se l?e hit gehiere}?, he fliehj? J?aet and onscuna}?. ForJ?on hit is god godne to herianne and yfelne to leanne, J?aet se gej?eo se J?e hit gehiere. Gif se 63er nolde, hu wier)? he elles gelsered ? For )?mre fearfe and for J?inre J?eode ic fis awrat ; forfon J?e God to cyninge geceas, J?e gedafenaj? fine feode to Iseranne. And faet J?y lass tweoge hwaeSer J?is soj? sie, ic cy9e hwanon me fas spell comon. ^rest me waes fultumiend and lareow se arwierSa abbud Albmus, se waes wide gefaren and gelsered, and wses betst gelsered on Angelcynne. SwiSost he me saegde of peodores gemynde, se waes biscop on Cantwara byrig, and Adrianus abbud, forf on he swiQost waes mid him gelsered. Eall faet he on Cantwara mseg3e and eac on fcem f eodlandum f e f aer to gef Tedde wseron, call f aet he o53e on gewritum o35e on ealdra manna segenum ongeat o55e fram leornungcnihtum faes eadgan papan Sancte Gregories, fa he me ealle fa fe gemyndwierSe wseron, furh Nofhelm fone sefestan maessepreost on 2 BEDE'S PREFACE LundenbyrigoSSe hine to me sende, o53e on stafum awrat and me sende. Fram fruman J?issa boca oj? J?a tid J?e Angelcynn Cristes geleafan onfeng, of ealdra manna segenum oj? J?as andweardan tid, swldost we geleornedon J?aet we her writaj? of leornungcnihtum J?aes eadgan papan Sancte Gregories; under hwelcum cyninge )?aet fonne geworden wass, }>urh Alblnus myndgung }>aes abbudes and furh Nofhelmes airendu and gesegene. SwiSe fela hie me saegdon fram gehwelcum biscopum and hwelcum cyninga tldum Eastseaxe and Westseaxe and Eastengle and NorSanhymbre )?sere giefe onfengon Cristes geleafan. f>urh AlbTnus swiSost ic gejmstlsehte faet ic dorste fis weorc onginnan, and eac mid Danieles myndgunge }?33S arwierSan Westseaxna biscopes, se nu glet libbende is. Fela me he sa^gde ymb Sufseaxe and ymb Westseaxe, and eac ymb Wiht f aet legland swl5ost he me sende on gewritum. And J?urh Ceadde J?one arwierSan Miercna biscop and Ceaddan ymb Miercna J?eode and Eastseaxna, and ymb fara biscopa Iff and forj?fore we geascedon fram J?£em bro5rum )?aes mynstres, J?e hie self astemnedon, ]?e Lasstinga ea is nemned, J)a J?ing J?e on Eastenglum gewordene wseron, sume we fa of ealdra manna gewritum oSSe segene metton, sume we mid Isses gesegene J?ass arwierSan abbudes geleornedon. And J?aet on Lindesse geworden waes ymb Cristes geleafan, }?urh gesegene J?aes arwier3an biscopes Cynebeorhtes and ]?urh his serendgewritu and 65erra libbendra swi5e getriewra we geleornedon. Eac faet we on Nordanhymbrum geascedon ymb Cristes geleafan o}> ]?isne andweardan dasg, nalaes mid anes mannes gefeahte ac mid gesegene manigra geleaffulra witena, ]?a )?e fa f ing wiston and gemundon, and si55an faet ic self ongeat, ne let ic faet unwriten. paet ic be fajm halgan faeder Cufbeorhte wrat o59e on J?isse bee o55e on oSerre, J?a dasda his llfes, sume ic serest nam of faem gewritum f e ic awriten gemette mid fsem broSrum fsere ciricean aet Lindesfarena Te, sumu, J?a J?e ic self ongietan meahte furh swlcte getriewra manna gesegene, ic tolecte. And fone leornere ic nu ea5modllce bidde and DESCRIPTION OF BRITAIN 3 healsie, gif he hwast ymb fis on 65re wisan gemete o56e gehiere, fast he me fast ne astwite. Britain and its Early History. Breten is garsecges legland fast wass geo geara Albion haten ; is geseted betweoh norf dasle and westdasle, Germanic and Gallic and Hispanic fasm masstum daslum Europe micle fasce ongean. past is norf eahta hund mila lang, and tu hund mila brad. Hit hafaf fram suf dasle fa masgSe ongean fe man hatef Gallia Belgica. Hit is welig fis legland on wasstmum and on treowum missenlicra cynna ; and hit is gescrepe on lasswe sceapa and neata ; and on sumum stowum wmgeardas growaf . Swelce eac feos eor5e is berende missenlicra fugla and saswihta, and her beof oft fangene seolas and hranas and mereswm ; and her beof oft numene missenlicra cynna weolocscielle and muscle, and on f asm beo5 oft gemette fa betstan meregreotan aslces hiwes. And her beof swl3e genyhtsume weolocas, of fasm bif geworht se weolocreada telg, f one ne masg sunne blascean ne ne regn wierdan ; ac swa he bif ieldra, swa he fasgerra bif. Hit hafaf eac, fis land, sealtseaSas; and hit hafaf hat waster and hat badu aslcre ieldo and hade f urh todaslde stowa gescrepe. Swelce hit is eac berende on wecga orum ares and Isernes, leades and seolfres. Her bif eac gemeted gagates : se stan bif blase gimm ; gif man nine on fyr def , f onne fleof fasr nasdran onweg. Wass fis legland eac geo geweordod mid fasm as3elestum ceastrum, anes wana f nttigum, fa fe wasron mid weallum arid torrum and geatum and fasm trumestum locum getimbrede, butan manigum 65rum lasssum ceastrum. And forfon fe fis legland under fasm selfan norfdasle middangeardes niehst ligef , and leohte niht on sumera hafaf, — swa fast oft on middre nihte geflit cymef fasm behealdendum, hwas3er hit sle f e asfenglomung f e on morgen dagung — is on fon sweotol fast fis legland hafaf micle lengran dagas on sumera, and swa eac niht on wintra, f onne fa suf daslas middangeardes. 4 INHABITANTS OF BRITAIN i On fruman Merest wseron J>isses leglandes blgengan Brettas ane, fram J>sem hit naman onfeng. Is J?aet saegd, J?aet hie comon fram Armoricano J?sere rcuegSe on Bretene, and \>a su)?dselas pisses leglandes him gesaston and geagnedon. pa gelamp asfter J?on fastte Peohta J?eod com of Scy5<5ia lande on scipum and J>a ymbaerndon call Bretene gemseru, j?agt hie comon on Scotland up, and }?3er gemetton Scotta J?eode, and him bsedon setles and eardungstowe on hiera lande betweoh him. Andswaredon Scottas J?aet hiera land ne wsere to }>ass micel J>aet hie meahten twa feoda gehabban. Ac cwsedon : ' We magon eow sellan halwende ge]?eahte, hwset ge don magon. We witon heonon nauht feorr 63er legland eastrihte, J?ast we magon oft leohtum dagum geseon. Gif ge ]>ddt secean willa)?, ]?onne magon ge J?ser eardungstowe habban ; o53e gif hwelc eow wij?standej?, J?onne gefultumiaS we eow. pa ferdon Peohtas on Bretene and ongunnon eardian \>a norj>dablas J?isses leglandes; and Brettas, swa we ser cwa^don, fa suj?daelas. Mid J?y Peohtas wif naefdon, bsedon him fram Scottum. pa gefafedon hie fsere arsednesse, and him wif sealdon, J?set f ser seo wise on tweon cume, J?aet hie J>onne ma of fy&m wifcynne him cyning curen fonne of fasm wsepnedcynne paet giet todseg is mid Peohtum healden. pa, forj?gangenre tide, aefter Brettum and Peohtum, J>ridde cynn Scotta Bretene onfeng on Peohta daele, J?a wseron cumene of Hibernia Scotta Teglande mid hiera heretogan, Reada hatte. Hie hwilum mid freondscipe hwilum mid gefeohte him selfum betweoh hie setl and eardungstowe geagnedon, J?a hie nu giet habbaj?. paet cynn nu todaeg Dalreadingas sind hatene. Hibernia Scotta legland ge on braedo his stealles ge on halwendnesse ge on smyltnesse lyfta is betere micle ]? onne Bretene land, swa )?aet j?ser seldan snaw leng ligef J?onne frle dagas. And J?ser nainig mann for wintres ciele on sumera hieg ne mawej?, ne scipene his neatum ne timbre)? Ne )?£er man senigne snlcendne wyrm ne settrenne gesiehj? ; ne fser senig nsedre libban ne maeg. Forfonof Bretene nsedran on scipum Isedde wseron ; sona swa hie BRITAIN UNDER THE ROMANS 5 faes landes lyft gestuncon, swa swulton hie. Ealle fa f ing f e f anon cumaf , wif aslcum attre magon. paet to tacne is, fast sume menn gesawon, fa fe wseron fram naedran geslaegene, faet man scof fara boca leaf fe of Hibernia comon, and fa sceaffan dyde on waster and sealde drincan f aim mannum ; and sona waes faet attor ofernumen, and hie waeron gehaelde. Is faet legland welig on meolcum and on hunige ; and wingeardas weaxaf on sumum stowum. And hit is fiscwielle and fugolwielle, and msere on huntunga heorta and rana. Eis is agendlice Scotta e5el ; heonon com seo f ridde f eod cotta, swa we ser cwaedon eac be Brettum and Peohtum on Bretene. Britain under the Romans. Waes Bretene legland Romanum uncuf , of fast Gaius se casere, 65re naman lulius, hit mid fierde gesohte and geeode siextigum wintra ser Cristes cyme. J>a asfter f on Claudius se casere, se waes feowerSa fram Augusto, eft fierde gelaedde on Bretene and fasr butan hefigum gefeohte and blodgyte micelne dsel faes landes on anweald onfeng. Swelce he eac Orcadas fa legland, fa wasron ut on garsecge butan Bretene, to Romwara rice gef ledde, and f y siextan mon5e f e he hider com he eft to Rome hwearf. J>eos fierd waes getogen f y feowerSan geare his rices, faet gear waes fram Cristes hidercyme faet siexte eac feowertigum. Fram fasm ilcan casere Claudie waes sended Uespassianus on Bretene, se aefter Nerone ricsode. Se geeode Wiht faet legland and Romana anwealde underf ledde. past is f rittiges mila lang east and west, and twelf mila brad suf and norf . J)a feng Neron to rice Defter Claudie faem casere. Se nauht fremlices ongann on f aere cynewisan, ac betweoh oderra unrim yfla Romwara rices, faet he Bretene rice forlet. The Romans leave Britain. pa waes ymb feower hund wintra and seofone aefter Dryhtnes menniscnesse ; feng to rice Honorius se casere, 6 ROMANS ABANDON BRITAIN se waes feower5a eac feowertigum fram Augusto j?sem casere, twaim gearum ser Romaburg abrocen and forhergod waes. Seo hergung waes J?urh Alaricum Gotena cyning geworden. Waes Romaburg abrocen fram Gotum ymb Jmsend wintra and hundteontig and feower and siextig J?aes }?e heo geworht waes. Of J?aere tide Romane blunnon ricsian on Bretene. Haefdon hie Bretene rice feower hund wintra and J?aes fiftan hundseofontig, J?aes fe Gaius, 63re naman lulius, se casere faet ilce legland gesohte. And ceastre and torras and straata and brycge on hiera rice geworhte wseron, J?a we todaeg sceawian magon. Eardedon Brettas binnan faem dice to suj^daele J?e we gemyndgedon J?aet Seuerus se casere het )?weores ofer J?aet legland gedician. J>a ongunnon twa J?eoda, Peohtas norSan and Scottas westan, hie onwinnan and hiera sehta niman and hergian ; and hie fela geara iermdon and hiendon. pa on fsere unstillnesse onsendon hie aerendwrecan to Rome mid fewritum and wependre bene : him fultumes baedon and im geheton ea5mode hiernesse and singale underj?eod- nesse, gif hie him gefultumeden J?aet hie meahten hiera fiend oferwinnan. pa onsendon hie him micelne here to fultume. And sona faes J?e hie on )?is legland comon, )?a campedon hie wif hiera feondum and him micel wael ongeslogon, and of hiera gemaerum adrifon and afliemdon, and Iserdon faet hie faesten worhten him to gebeorge wij? hiera feondum ; and swa mid micle sige ham foron. pa J?aet }?a ongeaton J?a aerran gewinnan J?aet se Romanisca here waes onweg gewiten, J?a comon hie sona mid sciphere on hiera landgemaeru and slogon eall and cwealdon J?e hie gemetton ; and swa swa ripe ierj? fortreddon and fornamon, and hie mid ealle foriermdon. And hie \>a eft sendon aarendwrecan to Rome and wependre stefne him fultumes baedon, }>ast J?aet earme e5el mid ealle ne fordilgod ne wsere, ne se nama faere Romaniscan J>eode fram fremdra feoda ungefwsernesse fornumen and fordilgod beon scolde. pa waes eft here hider sended, se waes cumende on ungewenedre tide on PICTS AND SCOTS RAVAGE BRITAIN 7 haerfeste. And hie sona wif hiera feondum gefuhton, and sige haefdon, and ealle fa fe fone deaf beswician meahton ofer fone see norf afliemdon, fa fe asr selce geare ofer fone saa hlo3edon and hergedon. f>a gessegdon Romane on an Brettum fast hie no ma ne meahton for hiera gescieldnesse swa gewinnfullicum fierdum swencte beon. Ac hie manedon and Iserdon f set hie him waapnu worhten and modes strengf u namen faet hie campeden and wifstoden hiera feondum. And hie him fa eac to rsede and to frofre fundon J?aet hie gemsenellce fassten geworhten him to gescieldnesse, stsenenne weall rihtre stige fram eastsal to westsaa, J>ser Seuerus se casere geo het dician and eorfweall gewyrcean. pone man nu todaeg sceawian ma2g eahta fota bradne and twelf fota heanne. Swelce eac on J?aes saas waro5e to sufda^le, fanon J?e hie sciphere on becom, torras timbredon to gebeorge )?aes saas. pa sona J?ses fe fis faastenn geworht waes, }?a sealdon hie him bisne manige hu hie him waspen wyrcean scoldon, and hiera feondum wifstandan. And hie J?a gretton and him cyodon J?a3t hie naefre ma hie secean woldon ; and hie sigefaeste ofer sse ferdon. J)a J?aet fa Peohtas and Scottas feascedon, faet hie ham gewitene wasron, and eac fast hie ider no eft ma hie secean ne woldon, fa waeron hie f y bealdran gewordene, and sona ealne norfdael fisses leglandes of fone weall genamon and gesetton. Wif f issum stod on f sem faestenne ufanweardum se earga fe5a Bretta and faer forhtiendre heortan wunode daeges and nihtes. pa sohton hiera gewinnan him searwas and worhton him hocas, and mid f aem tugon hie earmllceaduh of fsem wealle. And hie wseron sona deade swa hie eor3an gesohton. Hie fa forleton fone weall and hiera burg, and flugon onweg ; and hiera gewinnan hie ehton and slogon and on wael fieldon. Waas fis gefeoht waelgrimre and strengre eallum fsem sergedonum. Forf on swa swa sceap fram wulfum and wildrum beof fornumene, swa fa earman ceasterwaran toslitene and fornumene waeron fram hiera feondum, and hiera aehtum benaemde and to hungre gesette. 8 MISERY OF THE BRITONS The Coming of the Angles and Saxons. Swelce eac J?issum tldum com micel hunger on Constant! nopolim Creca ealdorburg ; and sona wol waes aefterfolgiende. Ge eac manige weallas mid seofon and fiftigum torrum gehruron and gefeollon, and swelce eac maniga 63ra ceastra tohrorene wseron. And se hungor and se wolberenda stenc J?sere lyfte manigu J?usendu manna and neata fordilgode and fornam. Com se foresprecena hungor eac swelce hider on Brettas and hie to J?on swlde swencte J?aet hiera manige hiera feondum on hand eodon ; and glet ma waes )?e ]?aet don ne woldon ; ac, J?a him aelc mennisc fultum blann, J?aet hie ma on godcundne fultum getreowedon. And J>a ongunnon aerest wi}? hiera fiend feohtan, J?a fe manige gear ser hie onhergedon and hloSedon. And hie him J?a micel wael ongeslogon, and hie ham bedrifon, and sige ahton. y£fter fissum com god gear and swa eac miclu genyhtsumnes waestma on Bretene land, swa nsenig aefterieldo si53an gemunan ma3g. Mid \>y J?a ongann firenlust weaxan ; and sona wol ealra manna samod gehradode, fast waes waelhreownes and soj>faestnesse feoung, and seo lufu lyges and leasunga. And nalaes J?aet an J?aet J?as J?ing dydon weoruldmenn ac eac swelce J?aet Dryhtnes eowde and his hierde. And hie druncennesse and oferhygdu and geclde and geflite and aefeste and 6c5rum manum fisses gemetes wseron hiera sweoran underj?ledende, onweg aworpenum Crlstes geoce J?£em leohtan and J?sem swetan. Betweoh J?as J>ing J?a com semninga micel wol and grimm ofer J?a gehwierfdan modes menn. And se on hraednesse swa micle menigeo hiera fornam and gefielde J?aette J?a cwican no genyhtsumedon J?aet hie J>a deadan bebyrigdon. Ac hwaeSre )?a J?e libbende waeron for )?sem ege J?aes deaSes nauht J?on sel woldon, ne fram hiera sawle deaSe aclegde beon ne meahton. ForJ?on nalass aefter miclum faece grimmre wraec faere firenfullan J?eode J?aes grimman manes waes aefterfolgiende. J>a gesamnedon hie gemot and |?eahtedon and rseddon hwast him to donne wsere, ARRIVAL OF ANGLES AND SAXONS 9 hwair him wasre fultum to secanne to gewearnianne and to wifscufanne swa re3re hergunga and swa gelomlicre fara norf feoda. And fa gelicode him eallum mid hiera cyninge, Wyrtgeorn waes haten, fast hie Seaxna feode ofer f aim saslicum daelum him on fultum geclegden and gela3oden. paet cuf is fast fast mid Dryhtnes meahte gestihtod wses, fast yfel wrasc come ofer fa wif corenan, swa on f asm ende fara wisena sweotolllce astlewed is. J)a wass ymb feower hund wintra and nigon and feowertig fram ures Dryhtnes menniscnesse, J?aet Martianus casere rice onfeng and seofon gear haefde. Se waes siexta eac feowertigum fram Augusto \>3zm casere. pa Angel J?eod and Seaxna wass gelaSod fram fsem foresprecenan cyninge, and on Bretene com on }mm miclum scipum ; and on eastda^le J?isses leglandes eardungstowe onfeng furh J?aes ilcan cyninges bebod, J>e hie hider gela5ode, ]?aet hie scolden for hiera edle campian and feohtan. And hie sona campedon wi|? hiera fewinnum, J?e hie oft aer noroan onhergedon ; and Seaxe a sige geslogon. J)a sendon hie ham serendwrecan and heton secgan fisses landes wasstmbsernesse, and Bretta iergj?o. And hie j?a sona hider sendon maran sciphere strengra wigena ; and waes unoferswi5endlic werod, J?a hie togaedere geJ?Tedde wseron. And him Brettas sealdon and geafon eardungstowe betweoh him J?aet hie for sibbe and hselo hiera e51es campoden and wunnen wij? hiera feondum, and him andleofne and are forgeafon for hiera gewinne. Comon hie of Jmm folcum fasm strengestum Germanic, fast is of Seaxum and of Angle and of Geatum. Of Geata fruman sindon Cantware, and WihtsaMan ; fast is seo J?eod ]?e Wiht J?aet legland oneardaf. Of Seaxum, fast is of J?aem lande J?e man hate3 Ealdseaxe, comon Eastseaxe and Sufseaxe and Westseaxe. And of Angle comon Eastengle and Middelengle and Mierce and eall Norfhymbra cynn ; is fast land f e Angulus is nemned, betweoh Geatum and Seaxum ; — is saegd of fsere tide fe hie fanon gewiton of todaeg, faet hit weste wunie. Wasron fa asrest hiera latteowas and heretogan twegen gebroSru Hengest and Horsa. Hie 10 ANGLES AND SAXONS RAVAGE BRITAIN waeron Wihtgisles suna, faes faeder waes Witta haten, }?aes faeder waes Wihta haten and faes Wihtan faeder waes Woden nemned, of J?aes striende manigra maegfa cyningcynn fruman laedde. Ne waes J?a ieldung to )?on J?aet hie heapmaelum comon maran werode of J?aam }?eodum J?e we aer gemyndgedon. And J?aet folc, J?e hider com, ongann weaxan and miclian to J?on swide j?aet hie wseron on miclum ege ]? aem selfum landbigengum J>e hie aer hider laSedon and ciegdon. y£fter J?issum hie J>a geweredon to sumre tide wi)> Peohtum, )?a hie aer }mrh gefeoht feorr adrifon. And \>a waeron Seaxe secende intingan and towyrde hiera gedales wij? Brettas. CySdon him openlice and saegdon, buton hie him maran andleofne sealden, )>aet hie woldon him selfe niman and hergian, j?air hie hit findan meahten. And sona J?a beotunge daedum gefyldon ; baerndon and hergedon and slogon fram eastsae oj? westsae ; and him naenig wifstod. Ne waes ungelic wraec J?aem J?e geo Chaldeas baerndon Hierusaleme weallas and fa cynelican getimbru mid fyre fornamon for J?aes Codes folces synnum. Swa ]?onne her fram faere arleasan J?eode, hwaeSre rihte Godes dome, neah ceastra gehwelce and land forhergode waeron. Hruron and feollon cynelicu getimbru and anliepigu ; and gehwaer sacerdas and maessepreostas betweoh weofedum waeron slaegene and cwielmde; biscopas mid folcum buton ^enigre are sceawunga aetgaedere mid iserne and liege fornumene waeron. And ne waes aenig se J?e bebyrignesse sealde faem )?e swa hreowlice acwealde waeron. And manige faere carman lafe on westennum fangene waeron and heapmaelum sticode. Sume for hungre hiera feondum on hand eodon and ecne feowdom geheton, wi)> J?on J?e him man andleofne forgeafe ; sume ofer sae sargiende gewiton ; sume forhtiende on e51e gebidon, and J?earfiende Hf on wuda and on westennum and on heaum cliofum sorgiende mode simle dydon. And J?a aefter ]?on J?e se here waes ham hweorfende and hie haefdon utamserede J?a bigengan J?isses Teglandes, ]?a ongunnon hie styccemaelum mod and maegen manian; MISSIONARIES FOB BRITAIN 11 and forj? eodon of }>£em dleglum stowum, )>e hie ser in behydde wseron, and ealra anmodre gefafunga heofon- rlces fultumes him wasron biddende, J?aet hie oj> forwyrd seghwaar fordilgode ne wseren. Waes on fa tid hiera heretoga and latteow Ambrosius haten, 65re naman Aurelianus. Wass god mann and gemetfaest, Romanisces cynnes mann. On fisses mannes tid mod and maegen Brettas onfengon ; and he hie to gefeohte forj? geclegde and him sige gehet ; and hie eac on fasm gefeohte }?urh Godes fultum sige onfengon. And J?a of fasre tide hwilum Brettas, hwllum eft Seaxe sige geslogon o\> ]?set gear ymbsetes J?aere Beadonescan dune, ]?a hie micel wael on Angelcynne geslogon, ymb feower and feowertig wintra Angelcynnes cymes on Bretene. The Coming: of St. Augustine to Britain. "pa waes aefter forfiernendre tide ymb fif hund wintra and tu and hundnigontig wintra fram Cristes hidercyme ; Mauricius casere feng to rice and J?aet haefde an and twentig wintra. Se waes feower3a eac fiftigum fram Augusto. f>.aes caseres rices }>y teoSan geare Gregorius se halga wer, se waes on lare and on daede se hlehsta, feng to biscophade fsere Romaniscan ciricean and )?aes apostolican setles, and )?aet heold and reahte freotlenu gear and siex monaj? and tlen dagas. Se waes mid godcundre onbryrdnesse manod )?y feowertigeSan geare J?aes ilcan caseres, ymb flftig wintra and hundteontig Angelcynnes hidercymes on Bretene, J?aet he sende Augustinum and 65re manige munecas mid hine Dryhten ondr^edende bodian Godes word Angelfeode. pa hlersumedon hie faes biscopes bebodum to J?£em gemyndgedan weorce, and feran ongunnon and sumne dail ]?aes weges gefaren haefdon. J)a ongunnon hie forhtian and ondrsedan him )?one sl)?faet, and fohton faet him wlslicre and geh^ledre wsere J?aet hie ma ham cierden, fonne hie ]?a elreordan feode and J?a re5an and |?a ungeleafsuman, \>ara )?e hie fur3um gereorde ne cu3on, gesecean scolden. And \>is gemaenellce him to raede 12 ST. AUGUSTINE ARRIVES curon. And fa sona sendon Augustinum to fasm papan, f one f e he him to biscope gecoren haefde, gif hiera lar onfangen wasre, fast he scolde eaQmodlice for hie f ingian, fast hie ne forften on swa frecne si f fast and on swa gewinnfulneandon swa uncuSe elfeodignesse faran. pa sende Sanctus Gregorius asrendgewrit him to, and hie trymede and lasrde on fasm gewrite fast hie eaSmodigllce ferden on fast weorc f ass Godes wordes and getreowden on Godes fultum ; and fast hie ne fyrhten fast gewinn fass siffastes ne wiergcwedolra manna tungan ne bregden ; ac fast hie mid ealre geornfulnesse and mid Godes lufe fa god gefremeden )?e hie furh Godes fultum don ongunnon ; and faet hie wisten fset ]?set micle gewinn mare wuldor eces edleanes aefterfyligde. And he aslmihtigne God baed fast he hie mid his gife gescielde ; and fast he him selfum forgeafe fast he moste fone wasstm hiera gewinnes on heofena rices wuldre geseon, for fon he gearu wasre on fasm ilcan gewinne mid him beon, gif him leafnes seald wasre. pa wass gestrangod Augustinus mid trymnesse f ass eadgan fasder Gregorius mid fasm Crlstes f eowum, fa f e mid him wasron ; and hwearf eft on fast weorc Godes word to lasranne and com on Bretene. Conversion of the Angles and Saxons. pa wass on fa tid ^3elbeorht cyning on Centrice, and he hasfde rice of gemasru Humbre streames, se toscadef suffolc Angelfeode and norffolc. ponne is on eastweardre Cent micel legland Tenet, fast is siex hund hlda micel asfter Angelcynnes eahte. past legland toscadef Wantsumu stream fram fasm togefieddan lande. Se is f reora furlanga brad ; and on twam stowum is oferfernes, and asghwasSer ende Hf on sas. On f issum leglande com up se Godes feow Augustinus and his geferan ; wass he feowertiga sum. Namon hie eac swelce him wealhstodas of Franclande mid, swa him Sanctus Gregorius bebead. And fa sende to ^Selbeorhte asrendwrecan and onbead fast he of Rome come and f aet ST. AUGUSTINE'S MISSION 13 betste serende laedde ; and se J?e him hiersum beon wolde, buton tweon he genet ecne gefean on heofenum and toweard rice buton ende mid }?one soSan God and J>one libbendan. f>a he ]?a se cyning J?as word gehierde, J>a het he hie bldan on J?aem leglande )?e hie up comon ; and him J?ider hiera fearfe forgeafon, oj? )?aet he gesawe hwaet he him don wolde. Swelce eac air }>aem becom hlisa to him \>azre cristnan sefaestnesse, for ]>on he cristen wif haefde, him gegiefen of Francna cyningcynne, Beorhte Wees haten. past wif he onfeng fram hiere ieldrum fsere arsednesse J?set heo his leafnesse haefde ]?ast heo ]?one J?eaw J?aes cristnan geleafan and hiere sefaestnesse ungewemmedne healdan moste mid \>y biscope, J?one J?e hie hiere to fultume J?aes geleafan sealdon, ]?aes nama waes Leodheard. pa waes aefter manigum dagum )?,aet se cyning com to J?33m leglande, and het him ute setl gewyrcean ; and het Augustinum mid his geferum J?ider to his spraece cuman. Wearnode he him J?y laes hie on hwelc hus to him ineoden ; breac ealdre halsunga, gif hie hwelcne drycraeft haefden J?,aet hie hine oferswl5an and beswican scolden. Ac hie nalaes mid deofolcraefte ac mid godcunde maegene geweligode comon ; baeron Cristes rode tacn, seolfren Cristes mael, mid him and anlicnesse Dryhtnes Haelendes on brede afaegde and awritene, and wseron haligra naman rimende and gebedu singende ; samod for hiera selfra ecre haelo and fara J?e hie to comon to Dryhtne |?ingedon. pa het se cyning hie sittan, and hie swa dydon ; and hie sona him lifes word aetgaedere mid eallum his geferum J?e J?aer aet waeron, bodedon and laardon. J)a andswarode se cyning and J?us cwaej? : ' Faeger word J?is sindon and gehat J?e ge brohton and us secgaj?. Ac forfon hie niwe sindon and uncuoe, ne magon we nu gen J?aet }?afian J?aet we forlaeten J?a wisan ]>e we langre tide mid ealle AngelJ>eode heoldon. Ac for fon ]?e ge hider feorran elj?eodige comon and, J?aes }>e me gefuht is and gesewen, J?a ]?ing, J?a J?e ge soj? and betst geliefdon, faet eac swelce wilnedon us J?a gemaensumian, nella}> we for J?on eow hefige beon. Ac we willa)? eow eac fremsumlice on 14 MISSIONARIES SETTLE AT CANTERBURY giestllf nesse onfon and eow andleofne sellan and eowre f earfe forgiefan. Ne we eow beweriaf fast ge ealle, fa fe ge maegen, furh eowre lare to eowres geleafan sefsestnesse gef leden and gecierren. pa sealde se cyning him wunenesse and stowe on Cantwara byrig, seo wses ealles his rices ealdorburg, and swa swa he gehet, him andleofne forgeaf and woruldj>earfe ; and eac swelce leafnesse sealde fast hie mosten Cristes geleafan bodian and Iseran. pa waes sona fses fe hie ineodon on fa eardungstowe J?e him allefed waes on J?aire cynelican byr^> V& ongunnon hie J?set apostolice lif J?a3re frymfelican ciricean onhyrian, }?aet is, on singalum gebedum and on wasccum and on fsestennum Dryhtne feowedon ; and llfes word fasm hie meahton bodedon and Iserdon, and call J?ing }?isses middangeardes swa fremde forhogedon. pa }?ing an, fa )>e hiera andleofne nied- fearflicu gesewen wasron, hie onfengon fram J?aim )?e hie Iserdon. ^Efter f>on ]?e hie Icerdon hie selfe ]?urh eall lifdon, and hie haefdon gearu mod J?a wioerweardan ge eac swelce deaj? selfne to f rowianne for fasre soffaestnesse ]?e hie bodedon and Iserdon. Ne waes J?a ieldung faette manige gellefdon and gefulwode waeron ; waeron wundriende fa bilewitnesse faes unsceoSendan llfes and swetnesse hiera f sere heofonlican lare. Waes be eastan f sere ceastre wel neah sumu cirice on are Sancti Martini geo geara geworht, mid fy Romane fa glet Bretene geeodon. On fsere ciricean seo cwen gewunode hiere gebiddan, f e we SQT cwsedon f set heo Crlsten wsere. On fisse ciricean serest fa halgan lareowas ongunnon hie samnian and singan and gebiddan and msessesang don and menn laeran and fulwian, of faet se cyning to geleafan gecierred waes, and maran leafnesse onfengon ofer eall to Iseranne and ciricean to timbranne and to betanne. pa gelamp f urh Godes gife faet se cyning eac swelce betweoh oore ongann lustfullian faet clsenoste lif haligra mid hiera fsem swetestum gehatum. And hie eac getrymedon faet fa sof wseron mid manigra heofonlicra wundra setlewnesse ; and he fa gefeonde wses gefulwod. pa ongunnon manige daeghwamllce efstan and scyndan ST. GREGORY AND THE ANGLES 15 to gehieranne Godes word ; and haectennesse f eaw forleton and to f sere annesse hie gef leddon f urh geleafan falire halgan Cristes ciricean. J)ara geleafan and gehwierfednesse is saegd faet se cyning swa wsere efenblissiende faet he nsenne hwae3re niedde to Cristes geleafan, ac fa fe to geleafan and to fulwihte cierdon, fast he fa inweardlicor lufode, swa swa hie wseren him efenceasterwaran faes heofonlican rices. Forfon he geleornode fram his lareowum and fram faem ordfruman his hailo fastte Cristes J?eowdom scolde beon wilsumlic, nalaes geniededlic. And he fa se cyning geaf and sealde his lareowum gerisne stowe and setl hiera hade on his ealdorbyrig, and fair to sealde hiera niedfearfe on missenlicum sehtum. St. Gregory and the Angles. Nis us fonne se hlisa to forswigianne J?e be fsem eadgan Gregorie J?urh ieldra manna segene to us becom, for hwelcum intingan he manod wsere \>3&t he swa geornfulle giemenne dyde ymb fa haelo Ore feode. Secgaf hie faet sume daege fider niwan comen ciepemenn of Bretene and manig clepe f ing on ceapstowe brohten, and eac manige comen to bycganne fa f ing. pa gelamp faette Gregorius betweoh 65re eac fider com, and fa geseah betweoh 65er f ing clepe cnihtas f asr gesette. J)a Wceron hwltes llchaman and fasgres andwlitan menn and aeSellice gefeaxe. J)a he fa hie geseah and beheold, fa fraegn he of hwelcum lande o35e of hwelcre feode hie brohte warren. Saegde him man faet hie of Bretene Teglande brohte waeren and faes Teglandes bigengan swelcre anslene menn waeren. Eft he fraegn hw^edre fa ilcan landleode crlstne waaren fe hie fa gen on hae^ennesse gedwolan lifden. Cwaef him man to and saegde faet hie haeSne wseren ; and he fa of inneweardre heortan swiSe sworette and fuscwagf : ' Wala wa, fa^t is sarlic faette swa faeger feorh and swa leohtes andwlitan menn scyle agan and besittan flestra ealdor.' Eft he frasgn hwast seo feod nemned waere fe hie of comon. 16 ST. GREGORY'S INTEREST IN THE ENGLISH Andswarode him man faet hie Angel nemnde wseren. Cwaef he : * Wei faet swa maeg, for f on hie angelice* ansiene habbaf , and eac swelce gedafenaf faet hie engla efenierfeweardas on heofenum slen.' pa giet he furdor fraegn and cwasf : ' Hwaet hatte seo maegf f e fa cnihtas hider of Isedde waeron.' pa andswarode him man and cwaef faet hie Dere nemnde wasren. Cwaef he : * Wei faet is cweden Dere, de ira eruti ; hie sculon of Codes ierre beon abrogdene and to Crlstes mildheortnesse geclegde.' pa giet he ascode hwast hiera cyning haten waere ; and him man andswarode and cwaej? Jjastte he ^11 haten waire. And J?a plegode he mid his wordum to J?£em naman and cwasj? : ' Alleluia, J> aet gedafenaj) J>agtte Godes lof ures scieppendes on }>aem dselum sungen sie.' And he }?a sona code to ]?£em biscope and to faem papan J?aes apostolican setles, for J?on he selfa ]?a giet naes biscop geworden. Basd hine )?aet he Angelfeode onsende on Bretene hwelchwugu lareowas, J?aette J?urh fa hie to Criste gecierde waeren ; and cwaej? J?aet he selfa gearu wsere mid Godes fultume J?aet weorc to fremmanne, gif J?£em apostolican J?aet Hcode, and fast his willa and his leafnes wa^re. pa ne wolde se papa faet fafian ne )?a burgware J?on ma, faette swa aeSele wer and swa gefungen and swa gelasred swa feorr fram him gewite. Ac he sona hraoe, )?aes }>e he biscop geworden waes, faette he gefremede ]?aet weorc faet he lange wilnode, and fa halgan lareowas hider onsende, fe we aer beforan sasgdon. And he Sanctus Gregorius mid his trymnessum and mid his gebedum waes gefultumiende fast hiera lar wasre wasstmberende to Godes willan and to rasde Angelcynne. pa waes asfter fissum faet Augustinus Bretene aercebiscop gehalgode twegen biscopas; 63er waes Mellitus haten, 65er lustus. pone Mellitum he sende Eastseaxum to bodianne godcunde lare ; fa sindon Temese streame toscadne fram Centlande and to eastsas gefledde. Is hiera ealdorburg nemned Lundenceaster, on ofre geseted f aes foresprecenan streames ; and seo is manigra folca ceapstow of lande and of sas cumendra. * Read angelice for sake of pun (MS. anlice). DEATH OF AUGUSTINE 17 On J?aere feode waes on fa tid Ssebeorht cyning, ^ESelbeorhtes sweostorsunu and his hierra. pa onfeng Eastseaxna feod soffaestnesse word and Crlstes geleafan furh Mellitus lare faes biscopes. pa het ^ESelbeorht cyning on Lundenceastre ciricean getimbran, and fa gehalgian Sancti Pauli faem apostoli, fast he on fsere stowe biscopsetl haefde and his aefterfylgende. pone lustum he on Cent selfre to biscope gehalgode to Hrofesceastre. Seo is fram Cantwara by rig on feower and twentigum mila westrihte. On fsere ceastre eac swelce ^Eoelbeorht cyning het ciricean getimbran and }?a gehalgian Sancte Andreas J?£em apostoli. And se cyning seghwae3rum fissa biscopa his giefe sealde and bocland and aehte him to brucanne mid hiera geferum. ^Efter J?issum J?a forj?ferde Gode se leofa faeder Augustinus; and his lichama waes ute bebyrged neah ciricean j?ara eadigra apostola Petrus and Paulus, J?e we aar gemy ngedon, for }?on heo J?a glet naes fulllce geworht ne gehalgod. Sona )?aes fe heo gehalgod waes fa dyde man his lichaman on, and on faere ciricean norfportice waes bebyrged gedaeftlice. On )?aem eac swelce ealra fara aefterfylgendra aercebiscopa lichaman sindon bebyrgede buton twegra, f aet is peodoris and Beorhtwealdes ; hiera lichaman sindon on fsere ciricean selfre gesette, for j?on on fone forecwedenan portic ma ne meahte. Is wel neah on middre fsere miclan ciricean weofod geseted and on Sancte Gregorius naman gehalgod. Is awriten on Sancte Augustinus byrgenne fissesgemetesgewrit : ' Her restej? domne Augustinus se seresta biscop Cantwara burge, se geara hider fram faem eadgan Gregorie faare Rpmaniscan burge biscope sended waes, and fram Gode mid wundra weorcnesse awreood wass. ^Eoelbeorht cyning and his J?eode fram deofolgielda ongange to CrTstes geleafan he gelsedde, and on sibbe gefylldum dagum his fegnunga forffered waes, ]?y daege septima Kalendas lunias on ]?aes ilcan cyninges rice.' 18 CEFI THE HEATHEN PRIEST Conversion of King Eadwine of Northumbria, pa cwaej? Eadwine cyning NorSanhymbra J>aet he £eghwae3er ge wolde ge scolde fsem cristnan geleafan onfon. Cwaej? hwae3re faet he wolde mid his freondum and mid his witum gesprec and gej?eaht habban, J?aet gif hie mid hine )?aet gefafian wolden, J?aet hie ealle aetsamne on Hfes wiellan Criste gehalgode waeren. pa dyde se cyning swa swa he cwaej?, and se biscop J?aet gefafode. pa haefde he se cyning gesprec and gej?eaht mid his witum and syndriglice waes fram him eallum frignende hwelc him J?uhte and gesewen wsere feos niwe lar and fsere godcundnesse begang J?e ]>SQT laired waes. Him J?a andswarode his ealdorbiscop, Cefi wass haten : ' Geseoh j?u, cyning, hwelc J?eos lar sle J?e us nu bodod is. Ic \>e so}?lice andette f>set ic cufllce geleornod hsebbe fast eallunga nauht maegenes ne nyttnesse hafaj? seo aefaestnes J?e we oj? J?is haefdon and beeodon. For J?on naenig J?Tnra )?egna neodlicor ne gelustfullicor hine selfne underfledde to ura goda begange J?onne ic ; and nauht ]?on Ises manige sindon fa ]?e maran giefe and fremsumnesse aet )?e onfengon )?onne ic, and on eallum fingum maran gesynto haefdon. Hwaet, ic wat, gif ure godu aenige miht haefden, )?onne wolden hie me ma fultumian, for )?on ic him geornllcor feowde and hierde. For j?on me fync]? wislic, gif jm geseo J?a J?ing beteran and strengran j?e us nlwan bodod sindon, fast we J?£em onfon.' paes wordum 65er cyninges wita and ealdormann gej?afunge sealde, and to fsere sprsece feng and J?us cwasj? : ' pyslic me is gesewen, j?u cyning, )?is andwearde lif manna on eordan to wifmetennesse J?aire tide J?e us uncuj? is, swelc swa \>u aet swaesendum sitte mid fmum ealdormannum and fegnum on wintertlde, and sle fyr onaaled and J?m heall gewiermed, and hit rine and sniwe and styrme ute ; cume an spearwa and hraedllce )>aet hus J>urhfleo, cume Jmrh 65re duru in, furh 65re ut gewite. Hwaet, he on J?a tid J>e he inne bi)?, ne bij? hrinen mid J>y storme J>aes wintres; ac fast bij? an eagan bearhtm and J?aet Iseste faec, ac he sona of wintra on }?one winter eft cymej?. Swa fonne CEFI DESTROYS HIS FALSE GODS 19 f is manna Hf to medmiclum fagce aetlewf ; hwaet f agr foregange, o35e hwaet fagr aefterfylge, we ne cunnon. For fon gif feos lar auht cuflicre and gerisenlicre brenge, fags wier5e is faet we fagre fylgen.' pissum wordum gelicum 68re ealdormenn and fags cyninges gefeahteras sprsecon. pa gen toaetiecte Cefi and cwaef faet he wolde Paulinus f one biscop geornlicor hieran be f sem Code sprecendne, f agm f e he bodode. pa het se cyning swa don. pa he fa f is word gehlerde, fa clipode he and f us cwaef : ' Geare ic J?set ongeat J?cet J?aet nauht wags, )?agt we beeodon. For J?on swa micle swa ic geornlicor on J?£em begange J?aet selfe so|? sohte, swa ic hit lags mette. Nu fonne ic openlice andette J?aet on )?isse lare J?agt selfe sof seine]?, J?aet us maeg |?a giefe sellan ecre eadignesse and eces lifes haglo. For J?on ic fonne nu lagre, cyning, )?agt \>a tempi and J?a weofodu, )?a J?e we butan waestmum agnigre nytnesse halgedon, J?aet we \>a hra5e forleosen and fyre forbaernen.' Hwagt, he \>a wags se cyning openlice andettende fsern biscope and him eallum faet he wolde faestlice faem deofolgieldum wifsacan and Cristes geleafan onfon. Mid \>y J?e he J?a se cyning fram fagm foresprecenan biscope sohte and ascode hiera halignesse )?e hie agr beeodon, hwa J?a weofodu and J?a heargas J?ara deofolgielda mid hiera hiwum )?e hie ymbsette wseron, hie agrest aidlian and toweorpan scolde, )?a andswarode he : ' Efne ic. Hwa maeg ]?a nu lej?, )?e ic lange mid dysigrtesse beeode, to bisene 69erra manna gerisenlicor toweorpan J?onne ic selfa J?urh J?a snytro J?e ic fram ]?agm so5an Gode onfeng ?' And he J?a sona fram him awearp fa Idlan dysignesse J?e he agr beeode, and J?one cyning baed faet he him wagpen sealde and stodhors, faet he meahte on cuman and deofolgield toweorpan. For )?on fagm biscope hiera halignesse ne waes aliefed J?aet he moste wagpen wegan, ne ellicor butan on mleran rldan. J>a sealde se cyning him sweord, fagt he hine mid gyrde; and he nam his spere on hand and hleop on fags cyninges stedan and to fagm deofolgieldum ferde. pa faet folc hine fa geseah swa gescierpedne, fa wendon hie faet he 20 BISHOP A1DAN tela ne wiste, ac fast he wedde. Sona faes fe he nealsecte to f sem hearge, fa sceat he mid f y spere f set hit sticode faeste on f aim hearge, and waes swiSe gefeonde faere ongietennesse faes so5an Codes beganges. And he fa het his geferan toweorpan ealne f one hearg and fa getimbru and forbasrnan. Is seo stow giet aetiewed f ara deofolgielda, nauht feorr east fram Eoforwicceastre begeondan Deorwentan faere Te, and gen todaeg is nemned Godmundingaham, fasr se biscop J?urh J?aes soSan Codes onbryrdnesse towearp and fordyde fa weofodu \>e he selfa asr gehalgode. Bishop Aidan and Lindisfarne. pa he fa Oswald cyning, sona j?ass fe he rice onfeng, lufode and wilnode fast eall seo feod fe he fore waes mid f asre giefe f ass cristnan geleafan gelasred wasre ; f aes geleafan cyfnesse he swT3ost onfeng on sigegefeohtum elreordra cynna. J>a sende he to Scotta ealdormannum aerendwrecan, betweoh fa f e he langre tide wreccea waes, and fram faem he fulwihtes gerynu onfeng mid his f egnum f e him mid wasron. Basd he f set hie him biscop onsenden, faes lare and fegnunga Angelfeod, fe he reahte, faes Dryhtenlican geleafan giefe leornode and fasm geryne onfenge fulwihtes bae3es. And hie him lustlice ti5edon and him biscop sendon, Aidan waes haten, micelre manfwsernesse and arfaestnesse and gemetfaest- nesse mann ; and he hasfde Codes ellenwodnesse and his lufe micle. J>a he fa se biscop to fsem cyninge com, fa sealde he him stowe and biscopsetl on Lindisfarena Te, faes he selfa baed and wilnode. And he se cyning his manungum eaf modlice and lustlice on eallum f ingum hlersum waes ; and he Cristes ciricean on his rice geornlice timbrede and rserde. And oft faegre wasferslen gelamp, fa se biscop godcunde lare laerde, se fe Englisc fulllce ne cu5e, faet he se cyning selfa, se f e Scyttisc fulllce geleornod haefde, his ealdormannum and his f egnum f sere heofonlican lare wass wealhstod geworden. Of fasre tide manige comon CONVERSION OF WESSEX 21 daeghwamlice of Scotta lande on Bretene; and on j?aem maegQum Angelfeode, J?e Oswald ofer cyning waes, mid micelre wilsumnesse Cristes ge leaf an bodedon and lairdon. And fa J?e sacerdhades wseron, him fulwihte j?egnedon. J)a waaron eac ciricean timbrede on manigum stowum, and j?ider gefeonde comon Angelcynnes folc Codes word to gehieranne, \>e hie bodedon and laerdon. And se cyning him geaf and sealde aehte and land mynster to timbranne ; and Scottas laerdon geonge and ealde on regollicne feodscipe, for J?on J?e faet munecas wseron, J>a J?e hider comon to laeranne. Waes eac munuc se ilca biscop Aidan ; waes he sended of faem leglande and of fsem mynstre \>e Hi is nemned. J>aet mynster on eallum Norfscottum and eallum Peohta mynstrum micelre tide ealdordom and heanesse onfeng ; ac hwaeSre hit Peohtas sealdon and geaf on Scotta munecum, for J?on fe hie air }mrh hiera lare Cristes geleafan onfengon. Conversion of Wessex. psere tide J?a Westseaxna feode mid Cynegilse hiera cyninge Cristes geleafan onfengon. Bodode him and Iserde Codes word Birinus biscop, se mid Honorius gefeahte J?aes papan com on Bretene. Gehet he him J?aet he wolde on )?sem fierrestum dselum Angelcynnes, }> asr naenig lar aer com, J?a saed sawan }?aes halgan geleafan. t>a het se papa hine to biscope gehalgian, and hine on Bretene sende. J>a com he serest up on Westseaxum and hie J?32r hsedne gemette ; J?a )?uhte him nyttre and betre faet he J?air Codes word bodode and laerde, J?onne he fierr on Bretene feran scolde. And he J?a swa dyde; Iserde J?aer godcunde lare and }?one cyning to Cristes geleafan gecierde, and hine gecristnode, and hine eft aefter faece mid fulwihtes baeSe afwoh mid his feode Westseaxum. pa gelamp on selfan tid, }>a man J?one cyning fulwode, J?aet J?ser waes se halgesta and se sigefaesta cyning NorSanhymbra Oswald andweard. Haefde he his dohtor him to wife beweddod. J>a onfeng he him and nam aet fulwihtes baede and aet J?aes biscopes handa him 22 BISHOP ^EGELBEORHT'S ANGER to godsuna. pa sealdon and geafon fa cyningas begen faem biscope eardungstowe and biscopsetl on Dorcot- ceastre. And he J>ser se biscop Code lifde and ciricean worhte and halgode ; and mid his arfaeste gewinne manig folc to Dryhtne gecierde. And he faer his dagas geendode and to Dryhtne ferde, and on J?sere ilcan ceastre bebyrged w.aes. And eft aefter manigum gearum Haedde biscop het his lichaman up adon and liedan to Wintaceastre ; and on ciricean j?ara eadigra apostola Petrus and Paulus arwierjrlice geseted is. ^Efter )>issum J?a forfferde Cynegils se cyning, and his sunu Caenwealh feng to his rice. Se wij?soc faet he geleafan onfenge and J?aem geryne J?aes heofonlican cyninges; and sona aefter medmiclum fasce J?a miht forleas faes eorflican rices, pa teah Penda cyning hine fierd on and here and hine his rices benam. J>a gewat he to Eastengla cyninge, se waes Anna haten. Mid )?£em he ]?reo gear waes wreccea, and he faer ongeat soffaestnesse geleafan and onfeng and gefulwod waes. For J?on J?e se cyning )>e he mid wreccea waes, waes god waepnedmann and godes tuddres and halges gesaelig. Mid J?y J?e he eft Caenwealh on his rice geseted waes, J?a com on Westseaxe sum biscop of Ibernia Scotta Teglande, J?aes nama waes ^gelbeorht. Waes he Gallia cynnes, ac for leornunga haligra gewrita he wses micelre tide on Ibernia wuniende. And he J?a wilsumlice hine efledde to J?aem cyninge and hine godcunde lare laerde. a he J?a se cyning his gelserednesse and his geornful- nesse geseah, baed he hine J?3et he gewunode on his J?eode and hiera biscop waere, and he him wolde arlic biscopsetl gesceawian. And he his benum gej?afode ; and he manig fear J?sere ilcan )?eode on biscoplicum anwealde fore waes. a aet niehstan se cyning, se J>e Seaxna gereord an cu5e, waes afroten his elreordre spraece; aspeonn \>a on Westseaxe oSerne biscop, se J?e his gereord cu5e ; se waes Wine haten, and se wses on Gallia rice gehalgod. And he }?a todaelde on twa biscopscire Westseaxna maegSe, ond )?aem Wine gesealde biscopsetl on Wintaceastre. pa waes ^gelbeorht swi3e abolgen, for }?on se cyning butan BISHOP ^GELBEOBHT RELENTS 23 his gefeahte swa dyde ; gewat ]?a of Bretene and hwearf eft on his agene leode on Gallia rice. And J?aer he onfeng his agenre ceastre biscopscire, Parisiace hatte ; and he J?aer eald and godra dseda full forfferde. pa waes aefter nauht manigum gearum aefter his onweggewiten- nesse of Bretene faette Wine waes adrifen fram J?aim ilcan cyninge of his biscopsetle. pa gewat he to Wulfhere Miercna cyninge ; and mid feo gebohte aet him faet biscopsetl aet Lundenceastre, and his biscop waes oj? his daga ende. And swa Westseaxna maegj? micelre tide waes butan biscope. paare selfan tide J?a eac swelce se foresprecena cyning faere J?eode mid J?aem hefigestum wanungum his rices gelomlice fram his feondum swenced waes. pa com him aet niehstan to gemynde J?aet hine aer his getreowleasnes of his rice adraf and eft, J?a he Cristes geleafan ongeat, J?aet he his rice onfeng. And fa eac ongeat ]?aet he haefde on J?weorh gedon, J?aette seo maegj? waes butan biscope, and J?aet heo aetgaedre mid J?y godcundan fultume forteeten waes. For )?on he J?a sende aerendwrecan on Gallia rice to ^gelbeorhte )?aem biscope and mid eafmodre j?ingunga and bene hine baed )?aet he hwurfe to J?sem biscopsetle his J>eode. pa ladode he hine and cwaej? J?aet he ne meahte hider cuman, for J?on he onfangen haefde his agenre ceastre biscopscire. And hwaeSre for his geornlicum benum, ]?aet he him fultum sohte, he him sende to Leutherium maessepreost, his nefan. Cwaef }?aet he fone meahte, gif he wolde, him to biscope gehadian, and he hine J?aes wierfne wisse on his lifes geearnungum. And sona waes fram J>aem cyninge and fram eallum his leodum arwierj?lice onfangen. And J?a baedon Theodorum, J?one }?e waes aercebiscop Cantwara burge ciricean j?aet he hine to biscope gehalgode. And he fa swa dyde ; gehalgode hine on J?sere ilcan ceastre ; and he ana manig gear fone biscophad mid micle gerece heold and reahte Westseaxna feode. pa waes ymb siex hund wintra and feowertig wintra fram Dryhtnes menniscnesse faette Eadbeald Cantwara cyning gewat of fissum life ; and Erconbeorht his sunu 24 CONVERSION OF OTHER KINGDOMS feng to his rice and J>aet eaflice heold and stierde feower and twentig wintra and sumne monaj?. pes cyning Merest Angelcyninga on eallum his rice het deofolgield toweorpan and fasstlice forlaetan ; and swelce eac mid his ealdorlicnesse behead fast feowertiglice faesten healden beon aer Eastrum be witerasdenne. pass cyninges dohtor Ercongote waes micelra maegena fsemne, swa fast swa aeoelum ealdre geras. Waes heo seo faemne Dryhtne J?eowiende on J?aem mynstre ]?e on Franclande waes getimbred fram J?aere aeSelan abbudessan }>e Fara hatte, on }?a3re stowe J?e cweden is on Brige. ForJ?on on J?a tid \>a giet ne wseron manig mynster getimbred on Angelfeode, and forj?on manige gewunedon of Bretene for intingan munuclifes secean Francna mynster and Gallia. Swelce eac cyningas and rice menn sendon hiera dohtor fider to laeranne and to gefiedanne J?aem heofonlican brydguman, and swiSost on fissum mynstrum on Brige and on Cale and on Andelegum. Conversion of the other Kingdoms. pissum tidum Middelengle mid Peadan Pendan sunu }?aes cyninges Cristes geleafan and soj?faestnesse geryne onfengon. Waes he Peada geong as9eling god and cyninges naman and hades wel wieroe; se faeder him for }?on rice gesealde faere J?eode. pa com he to Oswie Noroanhymbra cyninge and baed J?aet he him Ealhflaede his dohtor to wife gesealde. Ne hine man on 65re wisan his bene ti3ian wolde, nemne he Cristes geleafan onfenge mid J?a J?eode J?e he cyning ofer wass. pa he J?a gehierde soffaestnesse bodunge and lare and J?aet gehat )?aes heofonlican rices and asriste hyht and J?a toweardan undeaflicnesse, )?a andette he faet he lustlice wolde Cristen beon, feah J?e he na fur3um fa faemnan onfenge. And he wass swiSost gespannen to onfonne Cristes geleafan fram Oswies suna ]? aes cyninges, J?aes nama waes Ealhfri]?. Se waes his maig and freond; haefde his sweostor to wife, seo waes haten Cyneburg, Pendan dohtor J?aes cyninges. pa waes he gefulwod fram Finano CONVERSION OF MERCIA 25 f aem biscope mid eallum his geferum f e mid him comon, and cyninges f egnum and eallum hiera f eowum, on f aem maeran tune cyninges, se is nemned aet Wealle. And he onfeng, and se cyning him sealde feower maessepreostas, fa scoldon his f eode fulwian and Iseran, fa wseron ge on gelaerednesse ge on hiera life micle and gode ; and he mid micle gefean swa waes eft ham hweorfende. Waeron fa maessepreostas f us hatne : Cedd and Adda and Bete and Deoma. Se niehsta waes Scyttisces cynnes ; fa 6(5re wseron Englisces. Waes se Adda Uttan bro3or faes mseran maessepreostes and abbudes faes mynstres fe nemned is aet Raegeheafde. pa hie J?a J?a gemyndgedan sacerdas on f>a maegSe comon mid Peadan J?one cyning and fser Godes word bodedon and laardon, and hie lustlice gehlerde wseron, and daeghwamllce ge ae3ele ge unaeSele wi)?s6con J?sere unsyfernesse deofolgielda and mid fulwiht-bae6e fram synnum ajwegene wseron. Ne bewerede Penda se cyning )?on ma, gif hwelce menn wolden on Miercna cynne Godes word laeran, j?aet hie ne mosten. Ac gen ma J?aette he forseah and on hete haefde \>a J?e he ongeat ]?aet hie on Crlstes geleafan gelserde wasron and ]?a weorc J?aes geleafan habban ne woldon, and cwae}? faet hie fracoSe and earme wseren, J?aet hie ne woldon hiera Gode hieran J?one " hie geliefdon. Waeron fas J>ing ongunnen twaem gearum ser Pendan deaSe )?33S cyninges. Ac fa he ofslaegen waes, and Oswio se cristna cyning to his rice feng, J?a waes Deoma biscop geworden Middelengla and eac Miercna samod ; forfon seo feanes niedde fara sacerda faette an biscop scolde beon ofer tu folc. And he fa on medmicelre tide micel folc Dryhtne begeat and gestriende furh his lare. J>a feng aefter him to biscophade Ceolloh, se wags eac Scotta cynnes. Se sefter medmicelre tide forlet fa biscopscire; hwearf eft on his e5el to Hi f sem leglande, f aer manigra mynstra heanesse and heafod Scottas haefdon. pa feng aefter him to f asm biscophade Trumhere aefaest mann and god, se waes on munuclife gelaered ; waes Englisces cynnes, ac he waes fram Scottum to biscope gehalgod. paere tide eac swelce Eastseaxe f one geleafan, f e hie 26 ROMAN ORTHODOXY RECOGNISED geara awurpon \>a hie Mellitum ]?one biscop ut ascufon, mid geornfulnesse Oswies fass cyninges eft onfengon. ForJ?on se cyning fsere ilcan ]?eode Sigebeorht waes freond Oswies fees cyninges, and he gelomlice to him com and hine sohte on NorQanhymbra msegde. End of Irish Church Influence. Roman Orthodoxy Recognised. pissum tidum Angelcyningas fa aedelestan Oswio NorSanhymbra cyning and Ecgbeorht Cantwarena cyning haefdon between him spraice and gefeahte, hwaet to donne wsere be fasm stealle Angelcynnes ciricean. ForJ?on Oswio so]?lice ongeat, }?eah ]?e he fram Scottum afeded and gelsered wsere, faette seo Romanisce cirice and seo apostolice waes rihtgellefed. f>a gecuron hie and genamon mid gefafunga faere halgan ciricean AngelJ?eode godne wer and gejmngenne to biscophade maessepreost sumne, J?.ses nama wass Wigheard, of geferscipe ]?aes biscopes Deusdedit. And hie hine ]?a to Rome sendon, J?set hine man scolde J?ser to biscope gehalgian, fast he faar onfenge aercebiscopes hade and rihtgeliefede biscopas J?urh ealle Bretene Angelcynnes ciricum si)?}?an hadian meahte. Swelce hie eac \>a cyningas begen aetgasdere sendon fsem apostolican papan micle giefe on manigum goldfatum and seolforfatum ; and baedon J?aet he Wigheard Angelcynnes ciricum to aercebiscope gehalgode. pa he J?a to Rome com, \>a waes on J?a tid Uitalius papa J?aes apostolican setles ealdor- biscop. ^fter fon J?e he J?one intingan his siffaetes J>sem papan gecy3ed haefde, J?a Defter medmicelre tide se Wigheard and lytesna ealle his geferan, J?a )?e mid him comon, J?y ofercumendan wole fordilgode wseron. pa haefde se papa gefeaht be J?issum J?ingum and georne sohte hwelcne aercebiscop he onsendan meahte Angel- J>eode ciricum. pa wass on Niridano J?sem mynstre, }>aet is unfeorr faare byrig Neapoli on Campanie J?sere maigde, Adrianus abbud. Waes se mann on halgum gewritum and on mynsterlicum feodscipum and on ciriclicum wel gelsered, and weorflice getyd ge on Laedenisc gereord THEODORE COMES TO CANTERBURY 27 ge on Crecisc. pa het se papa J?one mann to him gelaSian, and het ]?aet he biscophade onfenge and to Bretene ferde. pa andswarode he him and cwae)? J?aet he waere swa micles hades unwierSe; and cwaej> faetjie meahte 69erne getaecnan J?e biscophades wierSra waere ge on gelserednesse ge on his lifes geearnunga ge on gedefre ieldo. Taehte J?a J?sem biscope on J?sem neahnunnmynstre sumne gedefne munuc, faes nama waes Andreas. Ac J>a wifstod his lichamlicu untrumnes }>aet he biscop beon ne meahte. Eft se papa nledde J?one abbud Adrianus J?aet he biscophade onfenge. pa baed he hine ieldenne and firstes, hwaeoer he asfter faece meahte 65erne findan j?e man to biscope hadian meahte. Waes on )?a tid sum munuc on Rome, se waes cuj? Adriane }>a2m abbude, J?aes nama waes Theodorus. Se waes acenned on Tarso Cilicio; waes se mann ge on woruldgewritum ge on godcundum, ge on Crecisc ge on Laeden wel gelaered ; and he gecoren waes on his J?eawum and arwierSre ieldo, ]?aet is f aet he haefde siex and siextig wintra. pisne mann Adrianus se abbud J?aem papan cyQde, and saggde fast he to biscope gehalgod beon meahte ; and he J?aet gefafode. And hwaedre J?is arseddon betweonum him, J?aet he se abbud his latteow beon scolde on Bretene, forfon )?e he aer twiwa J?a dselas Gallia rices for missenlicum intingum geferde and gesohte, and forfon \>e him se weg J?aes siffaetes genog cup waes, and eac swelce )?aet he waes on his agnum geferscipe wel gemannod ; and fonne gen eac faette he scolde his fultumend beon on godcundre lare, and )>set he geornlice behealdan scolde J?aet he nauht wiSerweardes J?sere soffaestnesse ]?aes geleafan Creca J?eawe on Angelcynnes ciricean inn gelaedde, J?e he ofer beon scolde. pa waes he serest to subdiacone gehalgod, and )?a bad feower monaj?, oj?]?aet him feax geweoxe, faet he to preoste bescoren beon meahte, for}?on J?e he aer scare hsefde eastleoda J?eawe Sancte Paule j?aes apostoles. pa com he Theodor biscop to his ciricean in Cantwara byrig J?y aefterran geare halgunga J?y siextan daege Kalendarum luniarum. And he sona furhferde eall Bretene legland, 28 CHURCH PROSPERS IN BRITAIN swa hwider ymb swa Angelfeode drohtedon and wunedon ; and he lustlice fram eallum onfangen wags, and his word geornlice gehierdon. And he rihte endebyrdnesse llfes aetiewde, and rihte Eastran to weorSianne Iserde. And him Adrianus se abbud mid ferde, and to eallum rihte fultumode. Waes he serest aercebiscopa, J?aet him call Angelcynn hiernesse gefafode. And for}>on hie begen wseron ge se biscop ge se abbud wel gelasred ge on godcundum gewritum ge on woruldcundum, and hie gesamnedon micelne freat discipula; and hie betweoh halige bee and ciriclicne J?eodscipe on metercrseft and on tungolcraeft and on grammaticcraeft tydon and Iserdon. Waes J?aet sweotol tacn, J?sette hiera discipulas wseron wel gelserde ge on Crecisc gereord ge on Laedenisc ; and him fa swa cu5e wasron swa hiera agen J?e hie on fedde wseron. Ne wseron her aefre, sij?)?an Angelcynn Bretene gesohte, gesaeligran tida ne faegerran. Wseron her strange cyningas and wel cristne and eallum elreordum cynnum ut on miclum ege ; and ealra willa hlinode to gehieranne J?a gefean J?aes heofonlican rices; and swa hwelce menn swa swa wilnedon J?aet hie on halgum leornungum tyde wseren, hie haefdon gearwe magistras, ]>a J?e hie laardon and tydon. Swelce eac sonas to singanne in ciricean, J?a fe oj> fast in Cent anre menn cuoon, of fasre tide ongunnon menn leornian Jmrh ealle ciricean Angel- cynnes. And arrest, buton lacobe )?sem sangere, be fsem we beforan ser saegdon, waes sanges magister Nordanhymbra ciricean JEdde haten, faes freonama waes Steffanus. Waes se aspannen fram Cent fram Wilfercte J>aem arwierdan biscope, se Merest betweoh biscopum, \>a J?e of Angelfeode wseron, regollicne )>eaw to libbanne Angelcynnes ciricum saegde and Iserde. Cuthbert. J>y selfan geare J?e EcgferJ? cyning llfes ende onfeng, gedyde he faet man J?one halgan wer and J?one arwier3an Cu)?beorht to biscope gehalgode J?aere ciricean aet CUTHBERT 29 Lindesfarena le. Se aer on medmiclum leglande, J?aet is Fame nemned, ancerlif Isedde }?urh manig gear on micelre forhasfdnesse Hchaman and modes. Is faet legland fram faere ilcan ciricean feorr ut on garsecge geseted, huhwega on nigon milum. And he se halga Godes mann fram faere aerestan ieldo cnihthades simle barn on gelise and on geornfulnesse aefaestes Hfes ; ac J?a he geweaxen waes, fa wilnode he and onfeng munuchade. And arrest eode on Mailros }?aet mynster, f>aet is geseted on ofre Twidon streames. paet mynster }?a heold and rihte Eata biscop, se waes milde wer and manfwa^re, and se asfter w^es geworden biscop on Haegstealdes le and on Lindesfarena le, swa swa we beforan gemyndgedon. J?aes mynstres prafost and regolweard wass on }?a tid Boisel, se waes micelra masgena maessepreost and wltedomes gastes. pisses discipulhade Cufbeorht waes ea3modlice under]? ledd ; and wisdom haligra gewrita and godra weorca bisene fram him nam. ^Efter )?on J?e he \>a to Dryhtne gewat, J?a waes Cufbeorht J?aes ilcan mynstres regolweard geworden ; and he manige seghwaeoer ge mid ealdorlicnesse his lareowdomes ge mid bisene his gesewenlicra daeda to regollicum life gesette and ontimbrede ; and nalaes )?aet an J?aet he faem mynstre anum regollices Hfes manunga and samod his bisene gearwode, ac swelce eac fast ymbsette folc feorr and wide fram faem life J?aes dyselican gewunan to lufe J?ara heofonlicra giefa georne glemde to gehwierfanne. ForJ?on ]>e manige J?one geleafan, }?e hie haefdon, mid unrihtum weorcum Idledon, and swelce eac manige on J?a tid J?aes miclan woles and manncwieldes glemeleasedon J?aem gerynum J?aes halgan geleafan mid faem hie gelaerde wseron, and to faem dwoliendum laecedomum deofolgielda efston and scyndon. J>a w.aes se Godes mann ut gangende of J>sem mynstre gelomlice ; hwllum waes on horse sittende, ac oftor on his fotum gangende. For to J?£em ymbsettum tunum and fsem dwoliendum soffaest- nesse weg bodode and Iserde. paet selfe eac swelce Boisel his magister on his tide gewunelice dyde. Waes on ]>a tid J?eaw Angelcynnes folcum J?aet, fonne maessepreost 30 CUTHBERT'S LABOURS oJ?J?e 65er in tun com, j?aet hie ealle to his bebode gesamnedon Godes word to gehieranne, and fuslice gehlerdon j>a J?e him gelserde waeron, and eac swelce neodlice mid daedum Iseston j?a )>e hie ongietan meahton. J>onne waes J?aem Godes menn Cufbeorhte swa miclu getydnes and gelserednes to gesprecanne and swa miclu lufu godcundre lare J?e he Iseran ongann, and swelc leoht engellices andwlitan him ofscan, faette nsenig )>ara andweardra his heortan diegelnessa him helan dorste, ac ealle openlice hiera daeda J?urh andetnesse forfbseron. For}?on fe hie tealdon and him Jmhte J?ast hine }>a ane miSe J?e he )?a hiera diegelnessa witan ne giemde ; and hie }>a geandettan synne mid medemum wasstmum so3re hreowe gebetton swa he bebead. And gewunode he swiSost J?a stowe geondfaran and on Jjaam tunum godcunde lare bodian J?a J?e on heaum morum and on re5um feorr gesette wseron and oSrum on gryre wseron to neosianne, and geghwaeSer ge mid fearfendnesse ge mid hiera ungelairednesse J?ara lareowa fore hea5oredon ; \>a he hwseSre mid arfaeste gewinne mid micelre geornful- nesse heofonlicre lare lustfulllce beeode. And of faem mynstre he uteode oft anwealge wucan, hwilum twa o3Se J?reo ; swelce eac oft ealle m6naj> J?aet he ham ne hwearf, ac wunode on faem morlandum and J?aet ungelaerde folc samod ge mid worde his lara ge mid weorce his maagena to \>3zm heofonlican cleopode and Iac5ode. Mid }?y he J>a manig gear on ancerlife Dryhtne }>eowode, ]?a gelamp J?aet man micelne sino5 gesamnode be Alnes streame on J?a3re stowe )>e is cweden JEt Twleforde under andweardnesse Ecgfric5es J?ass cyninges. J)aem sinoSe on ealdordome foresaet )?sere eadgan gemynde peodor asrcebiscop ; and he se halga CuJ?beorht )?ser waes mid anmodre gej?afunga eallra |?ara witena to biscope gecoren faere ciricean ast Lindesfarena le. And hie hine hwae3re naenige finga of his wicum and of his stowe to him gela3ian ne meahton. J>a aet nlehstan se foresprecena cyning self and se halga biscop Trumwine mid him and manige 65re aefasste weras and rice lidon ENGLISH MISSIONARIES ON THE CONTINENT 31 on faet legland; and eac swelce manige fara broSra of Lindesfarena le efncomon to him and ealle hiera cneo biegdon and tearas guton and hine f urh f one libbendan Dryhten healsedon and basdon, of faet hie hine eac swelce teara fullne of his fsem swetum dlegelnessum atugon and to faem sinoSe gelseddon. Mid fy he fa fider com, feah fe he swi3e wifwinnende wsere, mid anmode willan hiera eallra he waes oferswided and genledd to onfonne fa f egnunga biscophades. Forf ferde se arwierSa faeder Cufbeorht on Fame J?£em Teglande; and he swi3e georne waes ]?a broSor biddende )?aet he \>3br eac swelce bebyriged beon moste, )?ser he micle tid for Dryhtne campode. And hwaeSre set niehstan J?aet he waes mid hiera benum oferswi5ed, fast he gefafode J?aet man his lie laedde to Lindesfarena le and faer in ciri- cean geseted waere. English Missionaries on the Continent. On fa tid se arwierSa Cristes ]?eow and sacerd Ecgbeorht se halga, fone j?e we aer beforan saegdon fast he on Hibernia lande on elfeodignesse lifde for faem ecean e51e on heofenum to betanne, foresette he and fohte on his mode faet he wolde manigum brycsian, fast is f aet he wolde fast apostolice weorc onhyrian, sumum fara f eoda Codes word and godspell lasran and bodian f aem f e hit fa glet ne gehlerdon. J>ara cynna manig he wiste in Germania wesan, fanon Angle and Seaxe cumene waeron, f e nu Bretene eardiaf . Wseron Friesan, Rugine, Dene, Hune, Ealdseaxe, Boructuare. Wseron eac 65er folc manig on fsem ilcum daelum, fa gena hseSnum feawum feowiende, to faern se foresprecena Cristes cempa utan cuman wolde, gif wen wasre fast he faer hwelce meahte deofle of gripan and to CrTste gecierran ; of f e gif fast beon ne meahte, f urh fast he wolde Rome gesecan and fa halgan stowa fara eadigra apostola and Cristes martyra seon and him f asr gebedian. Ac him fa uplican onwrigennessa and weorc samod wif stodon, fast nahwasder fissa gefremede ne furhteah. pa faet se 32 ENGLISH MISSIONARIES ON THE CONTINENT Codes wer Ecgbeorht geseah fast he ne wass forlasten feodum godcunde lar to bodianne, ac fast he wass hasfd for odre nyttnesse fasre halgan ciricean, be fasre he foremanod wass mid godcundre onwrigennesse, fa ongann he fa gena on fast weorc godcundre lare sendan halige weras and geornfulle twelfe, f ara ealdormann wass Willbrord, micelre geearnunga masssepreost. Mid fy hie fa f ider comon on land, fa cierdon hie asrest to Pipine Francna cyninge and fancweorf lice wasron fram him onfangene. And for)? asm fe he mwan geeode fa fierran Friesan, and J?anon Rasdbedd J?one cyning adraf, sende hie J?a fider, fast hie scolden fasr Godes word bodian and lasran. And he eac swelce hie wass gefultumiende mid his cynelicre ealdorlicnesse, fast him man nauht hefiges ne laSes gedon dorste, and mid manigum fremsumnessum fa geweorSode, fa f e Cristes geleafan onfon woldon. panon wass geworden furh Dryhtnes giefe and fultum fast hie manige hrasdlice fram deofolgieldum to Cristes geleafan gecierdon. f>issa bisene wasron fylgende sume twegen maessepreostas of Angelcynne, fa in Hibernia fasm leglande micelre tide for heofena rices lufe on elfeodignesse lifdon. Comon hie to Ealdseaxna masgSe, gif wen wasre fast hie fasr asnige furh hiera lare Criste begietan meahten. Wasron hie begen ane naman nemned, swa hie eac swelce anre willsumnesse wasron. Wass hiera asghwasSer Heawald nemned. Wass fis toscaden hwasSre, fastte for hiera missenlice feaxes hiwe 63er wass cweden se blaca Heawald, 63er se hwita Heawald. Wass hiera asghwasSer sefasstlice gelsered ; wass se blaca Heawald hwasdre ma on wisdom haligra gewrita getyd. pa hie fa on Ealdseaxe comon, fa eodon hie on sumes tungerefan giestasrn and hine b^don fast he hie onsende to fasm ealdormenn fe ofer hine wass ; sasgdon fast hie hasfden nytt asrende and nyttne intingan sumne fe hie him Isedan scolden. Forf on hie fa ilcan Ealdseaxe nasfdon agenne cyning ; ac manige ealdormenn wasron feode foresette. And fonne sie tid gewinnes and gefeohtes, comon f onne hie mid tanum to fasm ealdormannum, and swa hwelcne MURDER OF ENGLISH MISSIONARIES 33 hiera swa him se tan aetlewde, fonne gecuron hie fone him to heretogan and to latteowe, and fone fylgdon and him hlerdon. ponne faet feoht and faet gewinn geendod waes, fonne waeron hie eft efenrice, waeron ealdormenn. pa onfeng hie se tungerefa and him waes gehatende faet he hie wolde to his ealdormenn onsendan, swa swa hie baedon ; and he hie fa hwelce hwugu dagas mid hine gehaefde. Mid fy hie fa fa elreordigan ongeaton faet hie wasron 65erre aefaestnesse, forfon hie simle hiera salmas sungon and on halgum gebedum Gode f eowedon, daeghwamllce Gode asaegdnesse baeron and maessan sungon — haefdon hie mid him gehalgodu fatu and gehalgodne tabul on weofodes gewrixle — \>a waeron J?a hseSnan betweoh him feahtiende and sprecende : ' Gif hie to faem ealdormenn becomen and mid hine sprecende wasren, faet hie hine fram hiera godum acierden and to J?aere niwan se faes Cristes geleafan gehwierfden ; swa styccemaelum ealla hiera maegSa geniedde waaren fast hie hiera eald begang forleten and faat niwe beeoden.' Genamon J?a semninga J?a Godes menn and ofslogon ; j?one hwitan Heawald hie hraSe mid sweorde ofslogon ; J?one blacan Heawald hie lange cwielmdon and Jmrh limu witnedon. pa hie )?a ofslasgene waeron, J?a wurpon hie hiera lichaman ut on Rme fa ea. pa fast fa gehierde se ealdormann, hu hie gedon ymbe fa menn haefdon, fa fe geseon and secgean woldon, fa waes he swi5e ierre ; sende fa werod fider and het fone tunscipe ealne ofslean and fone tun forbagrnan. Mid fy fe Pipin se cyning Francna fas fing gehierde and geascode, fa sende he werod and het hiera lichaman to him gelaadan and hie mid micle wuldre and weorf myndum bebyrigan in ciricean Colone fasre ceastre be Rme. Sona fasm aerestum tldum, f aes fa lareowas comon on Friesena land and Willbrord fram fsem cyninge leafnesse onfeng faet he faer lasran moste, fa wolde he hraedllce to Rome cuman, fa waes biscop faes apostolican setles Sergius papa, faet he wolde mid his leafnesse and mid his bletsunge faet wilsume weorc onginnan and gefyllan faem feodum godspell to laeranne. And samod he 34 WILLBRORD AS MISSIONARY wilnode fram him onfon J?ara eadigra apostola reliquias and Cristes martyra, }>aet mid J?y he deofolgield towurpe and ciricean timbrede and rserde on faere feode J>e he laerde, ]?aet he faer gearwe haefde haligra reliquias on to settanne, and he gerisenlice meahte on \>ara haligra are syndriga stowa gehwelce haligra halgian \>e hiera reliquias fair on wseron. Swelce eac manige 65re intingan he sohte and wilnode oj?)?e J>aer leornian oj?}?e fanon onfon. paere tide J?a bro5or, j?a )?e on Friesum wseron mid hine on )>aere j?egnunga j?ass Godes wordes, gecuron hie of hiera rime gemetfsestne mann on his feawum and mannjjwserne heortan Swlj?beorht, J?set se him gehalgod wsere to biscope. pa he )>a haBfde biscophade onfangen, J?a ferde he eft of Bretene and aefter medmiclum faece he gewat to faere feode Boructuarorum and manige hiera J?urh his lare to so)?faestnesse wege gecierde. Ac J>a aafter nauht langre tide seo ilce ]?eod waes oferwunnen fram Ealdseaxum ; and ]>a geleafsuman menn, \>a j>e Godes worde onfengon, waeron wide todrifene. And se biscop mid his geferum sumum sohte Pipin Francna cyning ; and him J?a geserendode BlifryJ? his cwen, J?aet he him wunnesse stowe gesealde on sumum feglande be Rlne, J?aet is on hiera gereorde gecleged and nemned In Litore ; on J?£em he mynster getimbrede, J?aet nu gen o]> }>is agon his ierfeweardas. ^fter )?on }?e hie pa sum gear godcunde lare laerdon on Friesena rice, J?a J?e mid hine comon, pa sende Pipin mid eallra hiera gej?afunga |?one arwierSan wer Willbrord to Rome to Sergie J?sem papan, and baed J?aet he hine Friesena J?eode to aercebiscope gehalgode ; and he swa dyde swa he baed. Waes he gehadod on ciricean faere halgan faemnan and martyres See. Cecilian J?y daege J?e hire gemynddaeg waes ; and se papa hine nemde freonaman Clemens. And sona )?aes )?e he gehadod waes, j?aet is aefter feowertiene dagum J?aes )?e he on Romaburg com, J?aet he hine eft sende to his biscopsetle. Sealde him and forgeaf Pipin biscopsetl on his J?aere mseran byrig, seo ealde worde J?3ere }>eode is nemned Wiltaburg; Galleas nemnaj? Traiectum ; we cwe5aj? ^Ettreocum. Be J?sere se arwier3a INHABITANTS OF BRITAIN IN BEDE'S DAY C5 biscop ciricean getimbrede and feorr and wide Codes word ymb Cristes geleafan bodode and lasrde, and manige waes clegende fram hasctennesse gedwolan hiera llfes. And he manig mynster and ciricean on J?sem lande getimbrede, and aefter faece manige 65re biscopas fair gesette and gehalgode of fara bro9ra rime, J?a J?e mid hine o\>\>e aefter him comon godcunde lare to bodianne. Picts, Scots, and Britons in Bede's Day. Peohta cynn on fas tid hafaj? sibbe and wasre mid Angelfeode, and eac fsere rihtgeliefedan sibbe and soj>- faestnesse mid ealre Codes ciricean gefeh]? daelnimende beon. Scottas, J?a fe Bretene eardiaj?, waeron fancfulle hiera gemserum, and hie ne sastunge ne gestrodu wif Angelfeode sierwaj?. Brettas J?onne, J?eah }?e hie of miclum dasle mid inlice hete and fenge AngeljJeode and J?one steall ealre rihtgeliefedre Codes ciricean, ge on gehealde unrihtra Eastrena ge on ungecostum J?eawum afeohten, hwaeSre him is ge mid godcunde maegene ge mid mennisce wij?standen, fast hie nahwae5rum hiera wilnunga habban ne furhteon magon. And f eah J?e hie sind of miclum daele hiera selfes anwealdes, hwaeSre of miclum dalle hie sindon Angelcynnes feowdome betalhte and underfledde. pissa tlda sibbe and smyltnesse nu manige on NorSanhymbra feode ge aeSele ge unae5ele hie selfe and hiera beam ma giernaf on mynster and on Codes feowdomhad to sellanne fonne hie sien begangende woroldlicne camphad. Seo wise hwelcne ende hasbbende sie, seo aefterre ieldu gesiehj? andsceawaj?. f>is is nu on andweardnesse gesteall ealre Bretene ymb tu hund wintra and fif and hundeahtatig Angelcynnes cymes on Bretene legland. Bede's Account of Himself. pas J?ing be stsere Angelfeode ciricean on Bretene, swa swa geo of manna gewritum oJ>J?e of ealdra gesegene oj>f>e of minre selfre cy33e J?e ic gewitan meahte, mid Dryhtnes fultume gedyde ic Beda Cristes J?eow and 36 BEDE'S ACCOUNT OF HIMSELF maessepreost J?aes mynstres J?ara eadigra apostola Petrus and Paulus, J?ast is set WiramuSan and on Gierwum. Waes ic acenned on sundorlande J?aes ilcan mynstres. Mid J?y ic waes seofonwintre, )?a waes ic mid giemenne minra maga seald to fedanne and to Iseranne fsem arwierc5an abbude Benedicte and Ceolfer3e a3fter J?on. And siJ?J?an ealle tid mines Hfes on )?aes ilcan mynstres eardunga ic waes donde, and ealle geornnesse ic sealde to leornianne and to smeageanne haligu gewritu. And betweoh gehield regollices J>eodscipes and fa daaghwam- lican glemenne to singanne on ciricean me simle swete and wynsum wees, J?aet ic oJ?J?e leornode o}>J>e Iserde o]?j7e write. And J?a J?y nigonteo3an geare mines Hfes j>aet ic diaconhade onfengand J?y J?ritigoSanni33ssepreosthade, and £eghwse3erne j?urh fegnunga J?5es arwierSan biscopes Johannes J?urh hasse and bebod Ceolfer5es abbudes. Of fasre tide J?aes J?e ic maessepreosthade onfeng oj? nigon and fiftig wintra mmre ieldo ic maniga bee for mmre nied]?earfe and minra freonda of geweorcum arwierdra faedera wrat and sette, ge eac swelce to maegwlite andgietes and gastlicre gerecennesse ic toaetlecte. ST. ALBAN 37 II.— ANECDOTES. St. Alban. Waes he Albanus haeSen J?a giet, )?a )?ara treowleasra cyninga bebodu wij? cristnum mannum grimsedon. pa gelamp J?aet he sumne Godes mann preosthades, se waes J?a reSan ehteras fleonde, on giestli5nesse onfeng. And mid \>y J?e he hine fa geseah on singalum gebedum and waeccum daeges and nihtes beon abysgodne, J?a waes he semninga mid faere godcundan giefe gemiltsod. And he sona bisene his geleafan and arfaestnesse onhyrian ongann ; and swelce eac styccemaalum his J>2em halwendum trymnessum waes gelaared, faet he forlet j>a J?Iestru deofolgielda and of inneweardre heortan cristen waes geworden. Mid \>y \>a se foresprecena Godes mann fela daga mid him waes on giestliSnesse, J?a becom J?set to earan J?aes manfullan ealdormannes J>aet Albanus haefde J?one Cristes andettere diegellice mid him. pa het he hra6e his }>egnas hine secean and acsian. J>a sona J?aes J?e hie comon to j?aes martyres huse, J?a Sanctus Albanus for faem cuman J?e he gefeormode gegyrde hine J?a his munucgegierelan, and eode him on hand, and hie hine gebundenne to him laeddon. pa gelamp hit on J?a ilcan tid, J?e Albanus to him gelaeded waes, )?aet he se dema stod aet his godgieldum and deoflum onsaegdnesse baer. Mid J?y J?e he geseah Albanus, )?a waes he sona ierre geworden, forj?3em he mid his selfes willum ge|?rTstode J?aet he hine selfne on geweald sealde swelcre frecednesse for faem cuman J?e he on giestliftnesse gefeormode. Het hine J?a teon and Isedan to faem deofolgieldum \>e he aet stod; cwaej? him )?us to: " ForJ?on J?e \>u \>one mangengan and J?one wij?feohtend and |?one forhycgend ura goda me helan woldest swl(5or fonne minum J?egnum secgan, fonne wite \>u faet }m scealt faem ilcan wite onfon )?e he geearnode, gif J?u gewitan J?encest fram fsem begange Ore aefestnesse." And Albanus J?a mid his selfes willan cy5de and openode )?3em ehterum Godes geleafan 38 ALBAN AND THE GOVERNOR J>aet he cristen waere. And he ne waes ondraedende pa beotunge J?ags ealdormannes, ac he begyrded waes mid wsepnum )?ass gastlican camphades, and he openlice saegde J?aet he his bebodum hiersumian ne wolde. pa cwaej? se ealdormann and se dema him to : " Saga me hwelces hiredes and hwelces cynnes Jm sie." And pa andswarode him Albanus : " Hwaet limpej? J?ass to pe of hwelcum wyrtruman ic acenned sie. Ac gif pu wille gehieran J?aat soj> minre sefestnesse, J?onne wite Jm me cristen beon, and ic cristnum )?egnungum )?eowian wille." J?a cwsej? he se dema, ierre geworden : " Gesaga me )?mne naman, hwagt }>u haten sie." pa cwaaj> he: " Albanus ic eom gecleged fram minum ieldrum ; and pone so3an God and j?one libbendan, se gescop heofon and eor3an and ealle gesceafta, ic simle begange, and me to him gebidde." J)a waes he se dema ierre geworden; cwaej? him to : " Gif )?u wille )?isses Hfes ges^elignesse mid us brucan, ne ield jm J?set J?u J^sem miclum godum mid us onsecge." pa andswarode Albanus : " pa onsaggdnesse, pa pe fram eow deoflum wasron agoldene, ne magon hie J?sem under}?ieddum gefultumian, ne hiera lustas ne hiera willan gefyllan. Ac giet soSre is, swa hwelc man swa fissum anlicnessum and deofolgieldum onsaegdnesse bire}>, se forfaem mede onfehj?, ]?aet is ecum tintregum helle wites." pa se dema pas word gehlerde, pa waes he mid miclum wielme and ierre onstyred ; het pa and bebead hrac5e swingan and tintregian J?one Godes andettere. Tealde and wende )?aet he mid swingellum scolde pa bieldo and pa anraednesse his heortan ahnescian, pa he mid wordum ne meahte. pa he pa mid grimmum swingellum and tintregum wseced waes, and he ealle pa witu J?e him man dyde gej?yldelice and gefeonde for Dryhtne abaer and araefnde. pa se dema faet pa oncneow and pa ongeat J?aet he hine mid tintregum and mid swingellum oferswiSan ne meahte ne fram p&m begange }?aere cristnan aefestnesse acierran, pa het he hine heafde beceorfan. Mid py he pa to dea3e gelaeded waes, pa com he to swij?strlemre ea, seo flowe)? neah J?£ere ceastre wealle. And he geseah p&r micle menigeo ALBAN SAVED FROM DEATH 39 manna aeghwaeSeres hades ; and waeron missenlicre ieldo and gefingfe menn. Seo menigeo manna butan tweon mid godcundre onbryrdnesse waes gecieged to fegnunga J?aes eadgan martyres. And hie swa )?aes streames brycge abysgode waeron, j?aet hie hwene aer aefenne oferfaran ne meahton ; and, neah fon eallum utagangendum, J?aet se dema butan fegnunga abad on faere ceastre. And J?a Albanus, on J?aem waes biernende wilsumnes modes, J?aet he recenost to frowunga become, code }?a to J?aere burnan fe ic aer saegde and his eagan ahof up to heofenum, \>a sona adrugode se stream and beag for his fotum, swa fast he meahte dryge ofergangan. pa fis wundor \>a geseah betweoh 63re se self a cwellere )?e hine slean scolde, J?a waes he sona mid godcundre onbryrdnesse innan manod, J?aet he wearp J>aet sweord onweg J?e he on handa hasfde and him to fotum feoll, and he geornlice basd and wilnode fast he mid )?one martyr o35e for hine f rowian moste )?e he ser slean scolde. f>a waes J?es mann J?urh Godes giefe of ehtere geworden soffaestnesse freond and Cristes geleafan. And )?a astag se arwierctesta Godes andettere mid J?a menigeo on |?a dune up, seo wass J?a tidllce grene and faeger and mid missenlicum blostmum wyrta afaegd and gegiered aeghwider ymbutan. Wses fast ]?aes wier3e J?aet seo stow swa wlitig and swa faeger wsere, ]?e eft scolde mid \>y blode )?aes eadgan martyres geweorSod and gehalgod weordan. On J?isse dune ufanweardre baed Sanctus Albanus fram Gode him waeter seald beon to sumre his fegnunga, and J?a sona hraSe beforan his fotum wass wiell up iernende, J?aet ealle menn ongietan meahton J?aet faet waeter to his J?egnunga sended w,aes J?e he aer to Gode wilnode. And nu seo wielle and }>aet waeter, gefylledre wilsumnesse and J?aere ]?egnunga faes eadgan martyres, waes forlaetende fa cySnesse faere fegnunga and hwearf eft to gecynde. Waes seo stow hwaethwugu on healfre mile fram J? sere ceastre wealle and fram faere burnan fe he aer drygum fotum ofereode. King Oswald's Crucifix. On faere gebedstowe aefter J?on manig maegen and haelo 40 KING OSWALD'S CRUCIFIX tacn gefremed waeron to tacnunga and to gemynde faes cyninges geleafan. And manige gen todaeg of faem treo faes halgan Cristes maeles sponas and scafo3an nimaf , and fa in waeter sendaf , and f aet waster on adlige menn o55e on neat stregdaf oSSe drincan sellaf ; and hie sona haelo onfof . Is seo stow on englisc genemned Heofonfeld. Waes geo geara swa nemned for tacnunge fara toweardra wundra, forfon fe faer faet heofonlice sigebeacen arsered beon scolde, and fair heofonlic sige faim cyninge seald waes, and faer gen todasg heofonlice wundor msersode beoj?. Nis for]?on ungerisene ]?aet we an maegen and an wundor of manigum asecgen, J?e set |>issum halgan Cristes msele geworden wses. Wass sum Godes J?eow of J?^em broSrum fsere ciricean aet Hagostealdes ea, faas nama waes Bothelm. pa eode he sume nihte on ise unwaerllce, J?a gefeoll he semninga on his earm ufan, and ]?one swicte gefrseste and gebraec, and mid J?a hefignesse J>a3s gebrocenan earmes swl5e geswenced wses, swa )?aet he for J?y sare ne meahte fur3um his hand to mu9e gedon. pa gehierde he sumne fara broSra sprecan }?aet he wolde feran to fasm halgan Cristes maele ; J>a basd he hine ]?aet he him faes arwierSan treos hwelcnehwugu dsel brohte )?onne he eft ham come ; cwae}? faet he geliefde J?aet he ]?urh J?aet meahte hailo onfon \> urh Dryhtnes giefe. J>a eode se bro3or, swa swa he hine baed, and com eft on asfenne ham, j?a }>a bro3or aet beode saeton ; J?a brohte him sumne dsel ealdes meoses |?e on faem halgan treo aweaxen waes. f>a saet he aet beode, naefde )?a aet handa hwaer J?aet brohte lac gehealdan scolde ; sende J?a on his bosm. pa he to reste eode, }?a forgeat he )?aet he on oQerre stowe J>aet geheolde ; let for]? on his bosme awunian. pa waes aet middre nihte, fa he waeccende waes, fa ne wiste he hwaet he gefelde ealdes aet his sidan licgan ; cunnode fa mid his hand and sohte hwaet f aet waere. pa gemette he his earm and his hand swa hale and swa gesunde swa him naefre bryce ne daru gedon waere. MIRACLES OF KING OSWALD 41 The Holy Oswald. Haefde he Oswald llchamlicre ieldo seofon and Jmttig wintra, ]?a hine man slog J?y fiftan daege Agustus monSes. Hwelc )?aes cyninges geleafa and modes wilsumnes on Gode waere, J?aet sefter his dead"e mid maegena wundrum waes gecy<5ed. ForJ?on on J?sere stowe J?e he for his e51e mid his leodum campode, and fram fsern hseftnum ofslaegen waes, o\> J?isne andweardan daeg J?aet J?aer haelo untrumra manna and neata maersod sindon. J>anon gelamp faette J>a selfan moldan ]?aer his lichama gefeoll manige menn nimende waeron and on waster dydon and sealdon hiera untrumum mannum and neatum drincan ; and him sona wel waes. And J>£et menn to J?on gelomlice dydon styccemaelum }?aet hie ]?a moldan namon, o]? ]?aet ]?3er wass deop sea)? adolfen, )?aette waepnedmann meahte oj? his sweoran inn standan. Gelamp nauht micelre tide aefter his siege J>astte sum mann rad be faere stowe. pa ongann his hors semninga werigian and gestandan and his heafod on eordan hielde ; and ]?a fam of Jjaem mu6e code and J?aet unmaete sar weox and miclode, oJ?J?aet hit on eor5an hreas. f>a lihte se eoredmann and )?aet gebsete of ateah and J?aer hwile bad hwonne his hors bet wurde oj?)?e he hit fasr d€ad forlete. J>a waes hit lange mid hefigum sare swi5e swenced and on missenlice daslas hit wand and J>raeste, J?a semninga becom hit on J?a stowe J?ser se gemyndgoda cyning ofslaegen waes. Ne waes J?a ieldenn ]?aette )?aet sar gestilled waes; and hit blann fram unhalum styrenessum J?ara lima and ]?y gewunelican feawe horsa aefter werignesse ongann wealwian and on aeghwaeSre sidan hit gelomlice oferwearp, and sona aras J?urh eall hal and gesund, and ongann giferllce )?aet gaers etan. pa he \>a se mann }?aet geseah, J?a ongeat he mid scearpre gleawnesse hwaethwugu wundorlicre halignesse on J?a3re stowe beon J?aer his hors swa hra5e gehaeled waes. And he ]?aer tacn asette and ]?a stowe gemearcode and on his hors hleop and rad }?ider he aer mynte. J)a he \>a com to j?sem menn J?e he secean wolde, J?a gemette he J?ser fsemnan ; waes nift J?aes higna ealdres J?e he sohte ; waes 42 MIRACLES OF KING OSWALD mid langre adle legeres swiSe gehefigod. pa ongunnon J?a higan beforan him seofian be J?aere grimman untrumnesse J?sere fcemnan, J?a ongann he secgan be )?aere stowe \>3tr his hors gehasled waes. Hwaet, hie gearwedon sona waegn and asetton }?a fsemnan on and laaddon to faere stowe and hie fair asetton. pa heo )?a on j?asre stowe geseted waes, \>a waes heo werig ; onslep J?aer hwon. Sona J?aes J?e heo onwoc, J?a gefelde heo faet heo waes gehseled fram hiere lichaman untrumnesse and hiere waeteres baed, and hie J?woh and hiere feax gersedde and hie mid sciete besweop and mid J>aim mannum J?e hie }?ider laiddon on hiere fotum hal and gesund ham hwearf and code. Swelce eac on }?a ilcan tid com 65er mann sum ; saegdon menn \>3dt he wasre Bretta geleod. Ferde he be J?aere ilcan stowe, on j?asre J?3et foresprecene gefeoht geworden waes. pa geseah he anre stowe faec J?aem 63rum felda grenre and faegerre. pa ongann he mid gleawum mode J>encean and raeswan )?2et naenig 65er intinga waere }?33re stowe grennesse and faegernesse nemne J?aet J?a^r sum halig mann hwelchwugu }?aem 63rum werode ofslaegen wsere. Genam J?a J?aere moldan dael on J?aere stowe, geband on his sceate, fohte faet seo lice molde to laecedome and to haelo geweorSan meahte untrumra manna; and he eft forfeode on his weg. pa com he to sumum huse on aefentid and eode in J?aet hus, )?aer fast ham call to symble gesamnod waes. Waes he onfangen fram )?aem hlaforde }?aes huses, and him man setl taehte, and he saet mid him aet J?aem symble. Aheng he J?one sceat mid }?aere moldan J?e he brohte on ane studu J?aes wages. Waes micel fyr onaeled on middum )?aem huse. Mid \>y hie J?a lange symbledon and druncne waeron, and J?a spearcan up flugon on }>aes huses hrof, se waes mid gierdum awunden and mid faece befeaht, J?a gelamp J?aet J?aet hus call ongann semninga biernan. pa )?aet \>a gebeoras gesawon, J?a flugon hie forhte ut, and naenige helpe J?aem biernendan huse gedon meahton ; ac hit claene forbarn, nemne seo studu an J?e seo molde on hangode, seo gesund and ungehrinen fram )?sem fyre astod and awunode. MIRACLES OF KING OSWALD 43 Is aeSele mynster on Lindesse, is nemned Beardan ea ; faet mynster Osfryf Miercna cwen mid hiere were ^ESelrede swiSe lufode and arweorSode and beeode. On faem heo wilnode gehealdan fa arwierSan ban hiere faederan. Mid f y se waegn fa com f e fa ban on landed wseron in fset foresprecene mynster, fa ne woldon fa higan him, fe on fsem mynstre wseron, lustlice onfon. Forf on f eah f e hie hine haligne wisten, hwseQre forf on f e he of oderre msegcte wses and ofer hie rice onfeng, ealdum feoungum hine eac swelce deadne ehton. f>a waes geworden faette fsere selfan nihte J?a brohtan ban ute awunedon, nemne man geteld ofer abrsedde. Ac seo aetiewnes heofonlices wundres geopenode hu arwierSHce hie wseron to underfonne eallum geleafsumum. Forfon ealle J?a niht stod swelce beorht sunbeam fram J?cem waegne up oj? heofon heah, J?one man meahte lytesna of ealre Lindesse stowum sweotole geseon. pa hit fa waes on morgenne dasg geworden, fa ongunnon fa broSor f aes mynstres, fa f e zer wif socon, geornlice biddan f aette mid him fa halgan reliquias and Gode fa leofan gehealdne beon mosten. And hie fa fa ban onfwogon and on cieste gedydon and on ciricean aefter gerisenre are gesetton. Gelamp faet aefterfolgiendre tide, mid fy seo fore- sprecene cwen wass wuniende on fsem ilcan mynstre, fa com sum arwierSe abbudesse to hiere, seo waes haten ^ESelhild. Mid fy heo fa to fsere cwene com and hie g^sprecen haefdon and betweoh 65er spraecon hie be swalde, cwaef heo seo abbudesse faet heo gesawe f aere niht f set leoht ofer his banum up of heofon heah. Cwaef heo seo cwen f aette of fsere moldan f aes flores, on f aem faet wseter his bana f weales goten waes, manige untrume gehselede wseron. And heo fa baed faet hiere man sumne dsel fsere halwendan moldan sealde ; and hiere man swa dyde ; and heo fa on claSe beband and on cieste dyde and hiere ham ferde. J)a aefterfolgiendre tide sif f an heo on hiere mynstre waes, f aette f ider com sum cuma, se waes nihtlicum tidum semninga fram unclsenum gaste hefiglice swenced. J)a wses he fremsumlice onfangen, and sefter his 44 THE MADMAN CURED sefengereorde hine gerestan wolde. pa waes he semninga fram deofle gerisen ; ongann clipian and hlydan and mid histodumgristbitian,and J?a fam of his muoe ut eode, and he missenlicum styrenessum ongann his limu fraestan. pa hine \>a naenig mann ne gehabban ne gebindan meahte, J?a arn sum J?egn and slog tacn ast geate and Scegde faere abbudessan. And heo sona )?aet geat faes mynstres ontynde and eode mid ane hiere flnenna to fasre waipnedmanna stowe and gehet ]?one maessepreost to hiere, faet he scolde mid hie gan to faem untruman menn. pa hie J?a fider comon, J?a gesawon hie j?a5r manige menn aet him beon, J?a J?e georne ongunnon J?aet hie his wedenheortnesse gestilden ; ac hie ne meahton. Sang he se maessepreost and raedde orationem, J>a }?e wip faere adle awritene waaron, and J?a }?ing dyde J?e he selest wij? J?sem c03e ; and he hwae9re nauht on }?on fremede. Mid J?y hiera ]?a naenig ainige helpe him findan meahte, J?a com semninga fsere abbudessan on gemynd seo foresprecene molde. f>a het heo sona hiere finenne gan and J?a cieste hiere to gefetian J?e seo molde in waes. f>a heo J?a mid fa cieste on ]?one cafortun eode J?aes huses J?e se feondseoca mann in J?rsested w^es, J?a geswigode he semninga and his heafod onhielde, swa swa he slsepan wolde, and his limu on stilnesse gesette. J)a swigedon hie eac ealle and stille wseron, and sorgiende bidon to hwon ]?is )?ing weordan scolde. J)a waes aefter medmicelre tide faece )?aet he up asaet and hefigllce asworette and cwae)? : " Nu ic wat tela, and ic onfeng gewit mines modes." And hie J?a geornllce acsedon hu faet gelumpe. Cwae]? he : " Sona mid J>y J?e seo faemne mid faere cieste ]?e heo baer genealasete J?aem cafortune J?aes huses, }>a gewiton ealle fa wlergan gastas onweg, J?a fe me swencton and frycton, and me forleton and nahwaer siffan aetiewdon." pa sealde seo abbudesse him sumne dael fsere moldan, and he }?a niht ealle hal and gesund hine reste. And siffan of faere tide J?a awlergedan gastas hine mid naenigum ege ne mid geswencnesse gretan dorston. Nallaes J?aet an faette se hllsa fisses aeSelan weres call FAME OF KING OSWALD'S MIRACLES 45 Bretene gemaeru geondscine, ac swelce eac be sudan sse on Germania and eac samod \>a daalas Hibernia Scotta Teglandes se hlisa wundra becom. ForJ?on Acca se arwierSa biscop gewunode oft secgan, J?a he to Rome waes ferende and mid Wilbrord J>one halgan biscop Friesena wags wuniende, J?aet he hine gelomllce hierde secgan on faere msegd'e be J?aem wundrum J?e set J?aem banum faes arwierSan cyninges gedon waeron. Swelce he eac saegde, se biscop, mid )?y he J?a gena maessepreost waes on Hibernia and J?aer for heofena rices lufe on el- feodignesse lifde, J?aet he J?aer on J?£em leglande J?one hlisan his halignesse feorr and wide gelomllce hierde secgan. Saegde he J?aat on J>a tld ]?aes miclan woles and manncwieldes }?e Bretene Tegland and Hibernia mid miclum wasle fornom and forhergode, J?a waes geslaegen betweoh 6c5re manige mid \>y waele J?aes ilcan woles sum leornungmann on scole Scotta cynnes. Waes se mann wel gelaered on gewritum, ac ymb ]?a giemenne his ecre hselo waes to saene and to receleas. pa he J?a geseah faet he waes neah dea3e, ]?a ongann he forhtian and him ondraedan {>aet he, sona J?aes J?e he dead waere, for geearnungum his synna to helle locum gelaeded beon scolde. ' Clipode me fa and ciegde, mid J?y ic waes him on neawiste, and betweoh }?a untruman sworettunge he forhtiende and wependre stefne J?us waes sprecende and seofiende to me, and cwaej? : "Hwaet, J?u gesiehst )?aet feos adl and J?eos hefignes mines Hchaman swi5e weaxef, J?aet ic eom nieded faet ic sceal hra3e deaj? underhnigan. Ne tweo ic J?onne me nauht aefter )?aes Hchaman deaQe hrade gelseded beon to fiem ecean dea5e mlnre sawle and hel- le tintregum underfieded beon. For]?on micelre tide betweoh gelisu J?aere godcundan leornunga ic ma synnum and leahtrum )?eowde J?onne Godes bebodum. Me is nu faestlice on mode, gif seo uplice arfaestnes me aenig faec to libbanne forgiefan wille, faet ic wille mine leahtorfulle j?eawas forlaetan and to bebode faes godcundan willan call min mod and mm Hf faestlice gecierran. Ic for soj? wat faet J?aet nis mlnre geearnunga )?aet ic ieldenne onfo to libbanne, oJ?J?e ne getriewe me onfonde beon, nemne 46 KING OSWINE God me earmum and unwier5um gemiltsian wille \> urh J?ara fultum and bene )>e him getreowllce )?eowdon. We gehierdon, and se mseresta hlisa is, faette wsere on eowerre J?eode wuldorlicre halignesse cyning, Oswald hatte ; }?ses cyninges geleafan and maegenes heanes aefter deaSe eac swelce mid gelomlicra wundra wyrcnesse scan and bierhte. Bidde ic J?e la, gif Jm senige his reliquias hasbbe mid ]?e, J?aet Jm me selle. EaSe maeg faet me Dryhten f>urh his geearnunge miltsian wille." pa andswarode ic him : " Ic haebbe J?aes treowes dsel ]?e his heafod on aseted waes, J?a he ofslaggen waes. And gif J?u mid trumre heortan gellefest, fonne maeg seo godcunde arfaestnes J?urh geearnunge swa miclesmannesseghwasder ge lengre faec J?isses Hfes fe forgiefan ge J?e J?aes ecean lifes inganges wierSran gedon." Ne waes he J?a ieldende ac sona andswarode and cwsej? fast he on fissum haefde fsestne geleafan and anwealgne. f>a gehalgode ic waeter and scafoSan dyde on ]?ass foresprecenan treowes and sealde faem untruman drincan, and sona J?aet him waes bet and he hine getrumode and gewierpte fram J>sere untrymnesse. ^ King Oswine. Waes he Oswine se cyning ge on ansiene faeger ge on bodige heah ge wynsum on gespraece and on J>eawum manjjwalre; and he waes eallum rumgiefa ge aeSelum ge unseSelum. panon gelamp J?aette for his cynelicnesse ge modes ge ansiene and his geearnunga wierdnesse J?ast he waes fram eallum mannum lufod. And seghwanon lytesna of eallum jMssum bifylcum to his folgaSe and his J?enunga ]?a asSelestan menn comon. pisses cyninges betweohoSer maegen and gemetf^stnesse and syndriglicre bletsunga wuldor eac swelce is saegd J?aet he wasre J?aere m^estan ea5modnesse, swa swa we magon on anre bisene sweotole oncnawan. Geaf he and sealde J>aet betste hors and )?aes faegerestan hiwes Aidane faem biscope, }?eah J?e he gewuna wasre J?aet he ma eode fonne he ride, J>aet he hwae5re on J?aem meahte forda oferridan J>onne he to hwelcre le come, oJ?J?e gif hwelc nied AIDAN AND KING OSWINE 47 gelumpe fast he hraedlicor feran scolde. pa waes aefter medmicelre tide, fa he on f aem horse saet, f aet him com sum f earfa togeanes and him aelmessan baed. pa lihte he sona and het f aem f earfan f aet hors sellan mid f aem cynelicum gebaetum f e him on stodon. Forf on he waes swic5e mildheort and f earfena bigenga and swa swa faeder earmra. pa f is fa waes f aem cyninge gesasgd, cwaef he to faem biscope, fa hie waeron to hiera swaesendum gangende : " Hwaet, woldest J?u, mm domne biscop, J?aet cynelice hors J?sem J?earfan sellan )?e J?e gedafenode agen to habbane ? Ac ne haefdon wit manig 65er uncymre hors and 65res hiwes, J?aet wit meahton fearfum to tl5e sellan, )?eah }?u J>aet hors him ne sealde j?aet ic J?e synderlice to sehte geceas?" Ipa andswarode se biscop him sona and cwaej? : " Hwaet spriest )?u, cyning ? Cwist J?u faet fe sie leofra J?aere mieran sunu J?onne J?aet Godes beam?" f)a hie J?a fis sprsecon, fa eodon hie in to swaesendum, and se biscop code ge sset on his stowe on his setle. Se cyning fonne, forj?on he of huntaSe com, gestod set J?3em fyre and hine wiermde mid his fegnum. And J?a semninga betweoh J?a wierminge gemunde fast word J?e se biscop him air to cwae|? ; ongyrde hine fa his sweorde and sealde his fegne and stop ofostlice toforan biscope and feoll to his fotum and baed faet he him blide waere, and cwaef : " Naefre ofer J?is ic awiht ma sprece of fe deme hwaet of fe hu micel of uncrum feo fu Godes bearnum selle." pa se biscop fa geseah fa eaSmodnesse f aes cyninges swa micle, fa ondred he him swTSe and sona aras him togeanes and hine up ahof, and gehet fast he him swi5e bli3e waere, and georne basd fast he eode to his setle sittan to his swaesendum and unrotnesse of his heortan asette. Mid f y he fa se cyning be f aes biscopes haese and bene blisse onfeng, fa ongann he se biscop ongean f on unrot wesan, and swa unrot waes faet he ongann wepan hluttrum tearum. pa fraegn hine and acsode his maessepreost on his agene gef eode, f e se cyning ne cude ne his hlwen, for hwon he weope. Cwaef he : " ic wat f aette f es cyning aefter f issum nauht lange ne leofaf, forfon ic 48 AIDAN SAVES THE VOYAGERS naifre ser f issum geseah ea5modne cyning. Forfon ic ongiete faet he hraedllce of f issum life forfferan sceal; and nis feos feod wierSe faet heo swelcne reccend and cyning hagbbe." Ne waes fa lang faec agfter faette se grimma witedom fags biscopes waes gefylled, fagt man laSlicum dea3e fone cyning acwealde, swa we ser beforan saggdon. Bishop Aidan. Wags sum arwierSe maessepreost, f aes nama wags Utta ; waes micelre gestag55ignesse and sof faestnesse wer, and he forfon eallum ge J?isse worulde ealdormannum waes leof and wierSe. Wags he sended on sume tid to Cent, J?agt he scolde Oswio ]?agm cyninge wif fetian Eanflede Eadwines dohtor J?ags cyninges, seo waes agr }?ider gelagded, J?a hiere fagder ofslaegen wags. f>a gestihte he and funde ]?aet he wolde landfierde J?ider gefaran, and eft on sciplade mid J?agre fagmnan ham hweortan. f>a eode se magssepreost to Aidane J>agm biscope ; bagd hine }?aet he for hine gebagde and for his geferan, and for hiera gesynto to Gode fingode, \>a hie swa micelne si]?faet feran scoldon. pa dyde he swa; gebaed hie fore and hie gebletsode and Gode bebead ; sealde eac swelce fagm maessepreoste gehalgodne ele. Cwae}? him to : " Ic wat sona," cwagj? he, " paes J?e ge on scip astlgaj?, J?agt ofer eow cymej? micel storm and hreones, and wiSerweard wind astigej?. Ac gemyne J?u )?agt J?u J?isne ele, J?e ic J?e nu selle, sende on J>a sag; and sona instaepe se wind gestille]? and sags smyltnes aefterfolgaj?, and eow eac blide on eowerne wilsif ham forlsete)?." And ealle )?as J?ing, swa se biscpp forecwagj?, of endebyrdnesse gelumpon and gefylde wseron. And sona Merest fags }>e hie on scip eodon and ut leton f^ette astigon wiSerwearde windas and fa y5a weollon and weddon f aes sags, pa ongunnon fa niedlingas and fa scipmenn fa ancras up teon and on f one sag sendon ; woldon f aet scip mid gefaestnian. And feah fe hie f is dydon, nauht hie on fon fremedon, ac fa y5a weollon and ymbsweopon and seghwanon fast scip fyldon, faet hie him naenigra gesynta wendon, ac AIDAN SAVES BAMBOROUGH 49 hie ealle deaf selfne him andweardne gesawon. pa aet niehstan gemunde se maessepreost faes biscopes word; genam his ampellan and sumne dael faes eles sende on fone sae. And sona instaepe, swa hit forecweden waes, gestilde se sae fram faem wielme. And swa waes geworden f aette se Godes wer f urh witedomes gast fone storm toweardne foreseah and furh faes ilcan gastes maegen, fa he up cumen wags, faet he hine aswefede and gestilde, f eah f e he Hchamlice fair aefweard waere. paet gelamp on fa tid his biscophades J?aette Penda Miercna cyning gelasdde here on NorSanhymbra land, and hit feorr and wide mid arleasum waele hy5de and hergode. pa becom he aat niehstan to j?£ere cynelican byrig, seo is nemned Bebbanburg. pa he J?a geseah j?aet seo burg waes to J?on f^est J?aet he ne meahte ne mid gefeohte ne mid ymbsete hie abrecan ne gegan, J?a wolde he mid fyre forbaernan. Aslat fa )?a tunas ealle ymb J?a burg onweg )?e he fasr on neawiste gemette, and to J?a3re byrig gewaeg, and micelne ad gesamnode on beamum and on raeftrum and on wagum and on watolum and on fasccum ; and mid fissum J?a burg mid micelre heanesse ymbsealde fram faam daele J?e heo lande gej>ieded is. pa hit ]?a waes wel gewinde on J?a burg, J?a onbasrnde he J?one ad and \>a burg forbaernan wolde. pa on J?a selfan tid wass se arwier3a biscop Aidan on Fame j? aem leglande, J?aet is on twsem milum fram J?aere byrig ut on sse. Waes his gewuna J?aet he \>a stowe gelomllce sohte for intingan stilnesse and his diegelra gebeda, and man maeg gen todaeg J?a stowe his setles on fsem ilcan leglande sceawian. pa he |?a se biscop geseah swapendum windum J?one Heg )?aes fyres and J?one rec ofer fsere burge weallas ahaefenne, is saegd fast he his eagan mid his handum to heofenum hofe and mid tearum ]?us cwaede : " pu Dryhten, geseoh hu micel yfel Penda wyrcej?." And fa sona instaepe oncierde se wind fram f sere byrig and se Heg and seo haeto rsesdon on fa selfan f e f aet fyr aeldon and baerndon, and manigne mann swT5e gewierdledon ; and hie ealle afyrhte onweg flugon and blunnon fa burg afeohtan, fa hie ongeaton faet heo godcundlice gescielded waes. 50 BAEKING DURING THE PLAGUE The Monastery at Barking. Mid \>y seo hreones J?aes oft cwedenan woles feorr and wide call waes forhergiende and fornimende, J?a com he eac swelce on J?one dsel j?aes mynstres ]?e J?a wsepnedmenn in wairon, and daeghwamllce gehwaer of worulde to Dryhtne genumene wseron. f>a waes seo abbudesse and seo modor ]?a2re gesamnunga behygdig and sorgiende, on hwelce tid J?one dail j?aes mynstres J?e se freat J>ara Codes }>eowa on wifhade in waes, J?aet ilce wlte gehrine, )?a ongann heo gelomlice on gesamnunga ]?ara sweostra secean and ascian, on hwelcre stowe j?aes mynstres hie woldon J?aet hiera Hctun geseted wsere, j?agt hie man bebyrigan meahte, J?onne }?a3t gelumpe |?cet hie of middangearde genumene wseren J?y ilcan gehrore J?e hie on 6(5rum gesawon. Mid }>y heo J?a nsenige cu3e andsware findan meahte, J?eah J?e heo georne sohte aet J?£em sweostrum, ]?a gelamp }?aet heo selfe mid eallum J?£em sweostrum ]?a cuSestan andsware J?sere uplican foreseonesse onfeng. ForJ?on sumre nihte, \>a se sealmsang gefylled waes faes uhtlican lofsanges, J?a wseron J?a Cristes ]?eowe utgangende of ciricean to byrgenne J?ara broSra fe hie of J?issum leohte foreeodon, and J?ser )?a wunelican lofsangas Dryhtne sungon. pa waes J?aer semninga heofonlic leoht onsended and com ofer hie ealle and swa swa miclu sclete hie ealle oferbraedde and hie mid swa micelre fyrhto and wafunga gesloh fast hie J>one sang J?e hie sungon forhtiende forleton. Waes seo beorhtnes J?aes onsendan leohtes mare J?onne sunnan leoht bij? aet middan daege. f>a waes aefter medmiclum faece faet hit waes up ahaefen of fsere stowe and gewat on suSdael ]?aes mynstres, )?aet is be westan faere ciricean, and J^aer ]>a sum faec wunode and him \>a stowe waes ontynende )>e hie aer ymb feahtedon, and swa eallum geseondum up on heofenas gewat, )?aette nsenigum hiera tweo waes )?aette ]?aet selfe leoht J>a sawla J?ara Cristes J?eowa waes gel^edende and onfonde on heofenas, J?aette ]?aet eac swelce J?a stowe him a^tlewde fser hiera llchaman restan scoldon and ariste daeges bidan. pass leohtes STORIES OF THE PLAGUE 51 scima waes swa micel, swa swa sum eald br6(5or on morgenne saegde, se J?e on J?a ilcan tid on )?aere ciricean mid 63rum geongan breSer aet gebede waes, J?aet hit J?urh }>a cinan J?aere dure and J?urh \>a eagj?yrel in code, and ealle beorhtnesse daeghwamlices leohtes oferswidde. Waes on J?aem ilcan mynstre cnihtcild sum ; ne waes ieldre J?onne jmwintre ; waes his nama ^Esica, se for faere cildlican ieldo \>a gena waes on J?ara faemnena mynstre Gode gehalgodra feded and laered. pa waes he gehrinen mid J?a foresprecenan adle. J>a he J?a to J?aem ytemestan daege becom, J?a clipode he J?riwa and ane of faem gehalgedum faemnum Criste hiere agnum naman clegde, swa swa he hiere andweardre to spraece, and cwaej? : " EadgyJ?, Eadgy]?, EadgyJ? " ; and swa waes geendiende J>is hwilwendlice lif, and on J?aet ece ineode. And sona J?a seo faemne ]?e he sweltende clegde, on j?aere stowe )?e heo waes, faere ilcan untrymnesse waes gehrinen and, J? y self an daege )?e heo gecleged waes, of J>issum leohte waes atogen. Eft sumu of )?aem ilcum Godes )?eowum mid J?a foresprecenan adle waes gestanden and to J?aem ytemestan daege gelaeded. J)a ongann heo semninga on midde niht clipian faem J?e hiere fegnedon ; baed faet hie J>aet blacern and J?aet leoht adwaescten, faet J?aer inne onbaerned waes ; and }>aes heo gelomlice baed and manode, and hiere naenig hwaeSre hieran wolde. pa aet niehstan cwaej? heo : " Ic wat J>aet ge wenaj? )?aet ic ungewitgum mode sprece. Ac hwaeSre witaj? ge J?aet hit swa nis. Forfon ic eow soj? secge, J?aet ic geseo fis hus mid swa miclum leohte gefylled J?aette J?aet eower blacern and leoht me is eallunga fiestre gesegen." And ne J?a gena, J?eah |?e heo J?us spraece, hiere senig andswarode o]?]?e gefafian wolde. Cwae}? heo eft : " BaernaJ? nu eower blacern and leoht swa lange swa ge willen. WitaJ? ge hwae3re )?aet J?aet nis mm, forj?on mm leoht me to cymej? J?onne hit dagian onginnej?." Ongann him J?a secgan J?aet hiere aetiewde sum halig wer, se J?y ilcan geare for}?ferde, and hiere^cwaede to, J?onne dagunga tid come, J?aet heo waere to J?aem ecean leohte ferende. paere gesihj?e so)? waes 52 TORTGYTH'S VISION hra3e gecyded and geseSed ymb faes daeges upryne on f aere fasmnan deaSe and forf fore. Mid fy fa eac seo "arfaeste modor Gode faere leofan gesamnunga ^Edelburg abbudesse waes of middangearde to gewitanne, fa astiewde sweostor wundorlicu gesihf, fasre nama waes Tortgyf . Seo manig gear on f asm ilcan mynstre wuniende wass and heo simle on ealre eaSmodnesse and on hluttornesse and on clasnnesse geornlice Gode f eowode ; and wass fultumiend regollices feodscipes ]?aere ilcan modor and abbudessan, and fa giengran Iserde and claensode ge mid lare ge mid lifes bisene. Waes heo seo sweostor semninga gehrinen mid hefigre untrymnesse Hchaman and furh nigon gear full mid J?a arfaestan foreseonesse ures aliesendes swide swenced waes. peos sweostor sumre nihte, fa hit dagian ongann, waes Qtgangende of hiere cleofan fe heo in wunode. pa geseah heo sweotole swa swa mannes Hchaman mid sceatan bewundenne, se wxs beorhtra fonne sunne, on heanesse boren beon. Waes he Merest up ahasfen of faem huse J?e J?a sweostor in reston. Mid \>y heo fa geornlicor behealdende waes, hu se wlite f aes wuldorlican Hchaman up ahaefen waere, fe heo sceawiende wass, fa geseah heo swa swa mid gyldnum rapum he on fa uplican ahaefen wasre, of faet he on fa heofenasingelasded wass and ma fram hiere gesegen beon ne meahte. pa f ohte heo be f asre gesihfe, and hiere nsenig tweo waes f aette hwelchwugu hra9e of f asre gesamnunga sweltende wasre, f aere sawol f urh fa godan weorc and fa sclnendan fe heo dyde swa swa f urh gyldne rapas to heofenum ahaefen beon scolde. past fa so3Hce swa gelamp. Forfon nallass aefter manigum dagum Gode seo leofe modor fasre gesamnunga of hefignesse Hchaman alasded wass, and hiere seo halige sawol faes heofonlican e31es ingang gestag. pa asfterfolgode ^Eoelburge on abbudessan fegnunga seo wilsume Godes feowe, fasre nama waes Hildelid. And heo manig gear, fast is of fa ytemestan ieldo, f asm ilcan mynstre fremlice fore waes £eghwae3er ge on fara f inga foresceawunga, fa fe to gemsenum brycum THE BLIND MADE TO SEE §3 belumpon, ge eac on gehielde regollices feodscipes. pa licode hiere for nearonesse j?aere stowe J?e )?aet mynster on getimbred is, fast heo wolde J?a ban up adon J?ara Cristes J?eowa ]?e faer bebyrgede waeron, and on ciricean gesettan faere eadgan faemnan Sancta Marian and J?aer on anre stowe healdan. And faer swiSe oft si]?j?an beorhtnes heofonlices leohtes aetiewde ; and eac oft miclu swetnes wundorlices stences becom and manig 63er tacn and wundor aetlewdon ; ]?a maeg on J?aere bee gemetan, swa hwelc swa hie raede]?, ]?e we )?as of alseson. J)onne is sum wundor hselo fe us nis to forlsetanne |?e seo ilce boc sagaj? J?aette a3t lictune geworden wsere Gode J?sere leofan gesamnunga. Waes sum geslj? fasr on neawiste. pa gestod his wif untrymnes on hiere eagum ; and fa J?urh dagas J?aet hie hefigedon and feostredon, J?aet heo aet niehstan nsenigne dael leohtes sciman geseon meahte. Mid }>y heo J?a sum fasc on Jnsse blindnesse waes, J?a ,waes sumre nihte faer heo betyned wunode, faette hiere becom on mod gif heo to J?aem mynstre gelasded waere Godes }>ara gehalgodra faemnena, and heo faer aet }?ara haligra reliquium hiere gebaede, ]?aet heo meahte fast forlorene leoht eft onfon. Ne heo J?a ne ielde, ac sona gefylde |?aet hiere on mod becom. pa waes heo gelaeded fram hiere J?eowum and fignennum to fsem mynstre, J?e faer neah waes. paer heo waes andettende J?aet heo haefde anwealgne geleafan hiere haelo. pa waes heo gelaeded to lictune J?ara Godes feowa, and mid \>y heo J?aer lange gebiegdum cneowum hiere gebaed, sona geearnode J?aet hiere bene gehierde waeron. And sona J?aes }?e heo fram J?sem gebede aras, ser J?on J?e heo of J?aere stowe code, )?aet heo onfeng giefe faes bedenan leohtes. And seo )?e aer hiere J?eowa handum J?ider gelaeded waes, heo \>a freo on hiere iota gangum bliSe ham hweorfende waes, efne J>on gelicost swa swa heo to J?on faet hwilwendlice leoht anforlete, }?aet heo on hiere haelo aetiewde hu micel leoht Cristes }?a halgan on heofenum ahten and hwelce giefu hiera maegenes waere. 54 WILFEBTH FEEDS THE PEOPLE Bishop Wilferth. And fa Wilferf biscop on faare feode godcunde lare Iserde, nallaes f aet an f aette fram iermSum ecre niSerunga ac swelce eac fram fasm manfullan waele hwilwendlicre forwyrde generede. Forfon f rim gearum air his cyme on fa msegSe fast fer nsenig regn on f aim stowum com ; and fanon se grimmesta hungor faet folc waes waicende and hie mid arleasre cwale fielde wseron. past is to tacne : secgaj? menn fsette oft feowertig manna oj?}?e fiftig samod, J?a ]?e mid }?y hungre gewsecte waaron, }?ast hie earmlice be handum namon and ealle a3tgaedere of saes of re ut feollon and woldon hie selfe o]?]?e offiellan oj?}?e adrencean. And ]?a ]>y selfan daege )?e seo J?eod Cristes geleafan onfeng and fulluhte, }>a astag and com smolt regn and micel and genyhtsum, and )?a land greowon and blostmedon and aefter com god gear and waestmberende. And swa awurpon J?a ealdan dysignesse and deofolgield onscunedon and ealra hiera heortan and Hchaman wynsumedon on j?one libbendan God ; and ]?one ongeaton se ]?e so}? God is, and faet hie selfe wseron ge on fasm nearrum godum ge on )?aem uterrum mid heofonlice giefe geweligode. Forj?on se biscop, mid \>y ]?e he on }?a maegSe com and swa micel wlte hungres J?ser geseah, laerde he J?a ]?aet hie on fiscnaSe him andleofene sohten, forfon f>e aeghwaeSer ge seo sae ge hiera ea fiscum genyhtsumode. Ac seo J?eod |?one craeft J>aes fiscnaSes ne cude, nemne to aelum anum. pa gesamnedon fa biscopes menn J?a aelnett aeghwanon f e hie meahton and sendon on fone sae, and seo godcunde giefu him gefultumode fast hie sona gefengon freo hund fisca missenlicra cynna. And fa on freo todseldon, hundteontig hie sealdon fearfum, hundteontig faem fe fa nett ahton, hundteontig hie him selfum to nytte dydon. paere fremsumnesse se biscop ealra hiera heortan on his lufe gecierde, and f y neodllcor hie f urh his lare fa heofonlican god gehyhton, faes fenunga hie fa hwllwendlican god namon and onfengon. ETHELDREDA'S TOMB 65 Queen Etheldreda. Secgaf menn be faere halgan ^Edelf ry5e, sif fan heo mynster gesohte, f aet heo naeire linenum hraeglum brucan wolde ac wyllenum. And seldan on hatum badum heo baSian wolde buton faem hiehstum symbelnessum and tidum ; and f onne heo serest f urn hiere f enunge and hiere f ignenna fa 65re Cristes f eowas, fa f e f aer wseron, onf waegen haefde, f onne wolde heo ealra nlehst hie baSian and f wean, and seldan bQton marum symbelnessum and tidum o]?J?e maran niedfearfe ma J?onne anum side on dasg J?aet heo wolde mete ficgan, and simle, gif hiere hefigre untrymnes ne bewerie, of J?^re tide uhtsanges o)> hluttorne daeg on ciricean on haligum gebedum stod. Sume menn eac swelce saegdon J?aet heo J?urh wltedomes gast J?a adle forecwasde ]?e heo on forj?ferde ; and swelce eac }>ara Godes }?eowa rim J?a J?e of hiere mynstre of middangearde wa^ron forj? to feranne, faet heo swreotollice eallum cySde. J)a gewat heo to Dryhtne on middum hiere higum aefter seofon gearum J?ass }?e heo abbudessan had onfeng. And mid J>y heo waes siextiene gear bebyrged, )?a licode ]?sere abbudessan hiere magan )?cet heo hiere ban up adyde and on niwe J?ruh gesette and on ciricean gedyde. pa het heo sume brodor faran and J?one stan secean, fset man meahte fa \>ruh of geheawan and gewyrcean. pa eodon hie on scip, forjmn Eligland is seghwanon mid wastrum and mid fennum ymbseald, ne hit micle stanas hafaj?. pa comon hie to sumre ceastre gehrorenre nauht feorr fanon, seo is on Englisc Grantaceaster gecieged, and hie sona gemetton be J?aere ceastre wTeallum J?ruh of hwitum stane faegere geworhte, and seo waes swelce eac gerisenlice gehlidod mid gelicum stane. pa ongeaton hie sona J?ast hiera asrende waes and hiera sl{?faet fram Dryhtne selfum gehradod and gesundgod, and hie J?aes Gode fane sasgdon and J?a J?ruh to J?sem mynstre gelseddon. Mid )?y fa se Hchama fsere halgan fsemnan and fsere Cristes bryde of faere byrgenne wses forf on leoht gelaeded, fa waes he gemeted swa ungebrosnod and swa ungewemmed, swa 56 THE PHYSICIAN'S STORY heo fy ilcan dasge forffered and bebyrged wasre ; swa swa se foresprecena biscop Wilferf and manige 65re, fa fe hit cu3on, cySdon and saegdon, ac hwasSre cudran gewitnesse Cyneferf lasce, se ast hiere wass fa heo forfferde and eft fa hiere lichaman man of byrgenne uphof. Wass his gewuna fast he sasgde, fa heo untrumu wass fast heo hasfde micelne swyle on hiere sweoran : " fa het me man," cwasf he, "fast ic fone swyle gesticode, f astte seo sce33ende waste ut fleowe, seo J?asr in wass. Mid }>y ic j?ast J?a dyde, J?a wass heo gesegen Jmrh twegen dagas j?ast hiere leohtor and wel wasre, swa J?astte manige tealdon fast heo gehasled beon meahte fram fasre untrymnesse. pa fy friddan dasge heo wass eft hefigod mid j?asm asrrum sarum and sona wass gerisen and genumen of middangearde and eal fast sar and fone deaf mid ecre haslo and life onwende. Mid fy fa asfter swa manigum gearum hiere lichama wass of byrgenne up ahasfen, fa afenedon hie and aslogon geteld ofer, and eall seo gesamnung bro5ra and sweostra on twa healfe singende ymbstodon. And seo abbudesse in fast geteld eode and fea manna mid hie, fast hie fa ban woldon up adon and onfwean and gefeormian asfter manna gewunan. J>a semninga gehlerdon we fa abbudessan inne hludre stefne clipian : "Sie wuldor," cwasf heo, " Dryhtnes naman." J)a asfter medmiclum fasce fa clipode me man and ciegde in. Onwrigon fa duru f ass geteldes ; fa geseah ic lichaman fasre halgan Godes fasmnan up ahasfenne of byrgenne and on bedde gesetedne, and he wass slaspendum menn gelicra fonne deadum. pa onwrigon hie eac hiere andwlitan and Tewdon me fa wunde f ass snides f e ic geo asr dyde. J)a wass heo fasstlice gehasled, fastte wundor- licum gemete for openre wunde and giniendre mid fa heo bebyrged wass, fa seo f ynneste dolgswasf and seo lasste astlewde ; ge eac ealle fa scietan f e se lichama mid bewunden wass swa anwealge and swa niwe and swa clasne astiewdon swa swa hie f y selfan dasge hiere fasm clasnum limum ymbsealde wasren. Secgaf eac menn, fa heo f rycced wass and swenced mid swyle and sare hiere IMMA THE THANE 57 sweoran, faet heo waere swiQe lustfulliende fisse untrymnesse cynne and heo gewunellce cwsede oft : " Ic wat cuQlice faet ic be gewyrhtum on minum sweoran here fa byr3enne fisse adle and fisse untrymnesse, on faem ic geman me geo beran, fa ic geong waes, fa idlan byrSenne gyldenra sigla. And ic geliefe faette me for fon seo uplice arfaestnes wolde me hefigode beon mid sare mines sweoran, faet ic swa waere onllesed f sere scylde J?3ere swTSe idlan leasnesse, mid ]>y me nu for golde and for gimmum of sweoran forfhlifaj? seo readnes and bryne J?aes swyles and weorces." The Story of Imma. On }?sem foresprecenan gefeohte be Treontan J?sere ea, J?a ^Elfwine J?a3s cyninges bro5or ofslsegen waes, waes sumu gemyndelicu wise geworden, seo nis to forswigianne, ac heo brycaj? manigra hselo gif heo asaegd bi|?. Waes J?aer ofslaegen on J?aem gefeohte betweoh 63re sum geong cyninges fegn Ecgfri9es, ]?aes nama waes Imma. Mid )?y he J?a }> y daege and j?aere aefterfylgendan nihte betweoh J?ara 65erra ofslaegenra lie gelic deadum laeg, J>a aet niehstan onfeng he gaste and wear]? geedwierped and up asaet and selfa his wunde wra]?, swa swa he meahte. And aefter J?on he hine gereste medmicel faec, J?a ahof hine up and ongann onweg gan, gif he hwaer senigne freond metan meahte J?e his glemenne dyde and his wunda lacnian wolde. J)a he fa J>aet dyde, fa waes he gemeted and genumen fram faem mannum f aes feondlican werodes ; and fa laeddon hine to hiera hlaforde, faet waes ^ESelredes geslf faes cyninges. pa fraegn hine se hwaet he wsere ; fa ondred he andettan faet he cyninges fegn wsere, ac saegde faet he folclic mann waere and fearfiende and gewlfod haefde, and faette he forf on on fa fierd come faet he scolde cyninges f egnum hiera andleofene and mete laadan mid hiera gemacum. pa onfeng se gesif hine and his glemenne dyde and his wunda het lacnian. pa he fa ongann trumian and halian, fa bebead he faet hine man gebunde, fy 58 IMMA CANNOT BE BOUND laes he on niht onweg fluge and bestaele. pa ne meahte hine man gebindan ; forfon sona J?aes J>e hie onweg eodon, j?a }>e hine bundon, ]?onne toslupon J?a bendas and tollesde waeron. Haefde he agenne broSor maessepreost, j?aes nama waes Tunna; se waes abbud on j?aem mynstre and on )?aere ceastre, seo nu oj? ]?is is nemned fram his naman Tunnanceaster. Mid }>y he hine hierde on J?aem gefeohte ofslaegenne beon, }>a com he and sohte fser his He, hwseSer he hit findan meahte. f>a funde he oSerne J?urh call }>ing him ]?one gellcestan ; \>a tealde he }?3et he hit wa^re. Bser hine )?a to his mynstre and arlice bebyrigde, and for allesnesse his sawle gelomlice ma^ssesang dyde. pasre masrsunga waes geworden }?aet ic ser cwae]?, ^aat hine naenig mann meahte gebindan ac sona instaepe J?a bendas toslupon, and he onliesed waes. Betweoh )?a }?ing }?a eac se gesi]?, se )?e hine hsefde, ongann wundrian and hine frignan for hwon hine man gebindan ne meahte, and hine ascode hwaed'er he J?a aliesendlican rune cu5e and f>a stafas mid him awritene hsefde, be swelcum menn leas spell secgaj? and sprecaj?, ]?a2t hine man forj?on gebindan ne meahte. J?a andswarode he J?ast he nauht swelcra craefta ne cu5e. "Ac ic haebbe," cwaej? he, "on minre maegSe mlnne bro5or maessepreost, and ic wat J?aet he me ofslaegenne talaj? and for me gelomlice maessan dej? ; and gif ic nu on 65rum life waere, fonne wsere mm sawol J^aer furh his fingunge fram J?£em ecum bendum and witum onliesed. Mid ]?y he }>a hwelce hwugu tid mid J?one gesT]? haefd wses, }?a ongeaton hie, J?a hine geornlicor sceawedon, of his andwlitan and on gebserum and eac swelce on his wordum J?ast he ne waes of fearfiendum folce, swa swa he saegde, ac J?aet he waes aeSeles striendes. pa geciegde se gesi]? hine diegellice to him ; fraegn hine J?a geornllce hwanon he waere, and him waes gehatende J?aet he him nauht Ia5es ne yfeles gedon wolde gif he him J?aet hluttorllce gecy5an wolde hwaet he waere. J)a dyde he swa ; andette him and saegde J?aet he waere cyninges )>egn. pa andswarode he him and cwaej? : " purh syndriga )?ine andswara ic ongeat and oncneow )?aet ]>u ne waere swa IMMA RETURNS HOME 59 folclic mann swa fu saegdest, and ic fe nu secge faet f u eart wif me deaSe scyldig, forfon ealle mine brodor and mine magas on faem gefeohte wseron ofslaegene ; and hwaeQre ic f e ne wille ofslean, f y laes ic mm gehat and mine treowe forleose." f>a he fullice getrumod waes, fa bebohte he hme on Lundene to sumum Friesan. ]?a wolde se hine bindan, ac he fram him, fa he f ider Iseded waes, ne meahte senige finga gebunden beon, f eah f e his feond hine on sette 65er benda cynn and eft oSer ; and oftost his bendas toslupon and onliesde waeron fram underntide, J?onne man maessan oftost singe]?, pa fa faet fa geseah se f e hine gebohte, f aet he mid bendum ne meahte geheaderod beon, forgeaf him fa liefnesse f aet he moste mid feo hine aliesan, gif he meahte. And he him a5as sealde faet he hine eft gesohte of fe his feoh him onsende. J)a com he to Cent to HloSere fsem cyninge, se wass sweostor sunu yE5elf ry5e faere cwent. be f sere bufan saegd waes, forf on he geo f aere ilcan cwene fegn waes. Baed hine fa faet he him faet weorf his aliesnesse gesealde ; and he him getTSode and his hlaforde for hine onsende, swa swa he gehet. And he fa aefter f issum waes hweorfende to his e31e, and to his bre5er becom and him eall aefter endebyrdnesse saegde, ge hwelce wi5erweardnesse ge eft hwelce frofre on faem wi5erweardnessum hine becomon. And he gecneow f urh his gesegene faette faem tldum swiSost fa bendas onliesde waeron faem f e for hine fa symbelnessa maessena maersode waeron. Adamnanus the Irishman. Waes on faem mynstre, faet man nemnef ALt Collides byrig, sum wer of Scotta feode, se waes Adamnanus haten. Lifde se mann his Hf on micelre forhaefdnesse and on halgum gebedum Code swi5e wilsumlice, swa faet he naefre mete onfeng ne swaesendu feah, buton fy Dryhtenlican daege and fy fiftan wicdaege, and oft anwealge nihte f urh waeccan on halgum gebedum astod and awunode. Seo fearlwisnes faes heardan llfes 60 ADAMNANUS AND THE PRIEST him serest of niede becom for bote his synna, ac aefter forfgangendre tide he J>a nled on wunan gecierde. Gelamp him on his geogofhade J?aet he sume mandaed gefremede. pa seo scyld \>a to his heortan hwearf, J?a onscunode he hie hefiglice and him ondred faet he for faare stranglice wftnod beon scolde fram faem fearlwisan deman. Eode J?a to sumum rnaessepreoste, fram faem he wende fast him haelo weg aetiewed beon meahte ; andette him J?a his scylde and baed J?aet he him gefeaht sealde hd he meahte befleon fram J?sem toweardan ierre. pa he J?a his scylde gehlerde, J?a cwasj? he : " Miclu wund behofaj? micles Isecedomes, and forfon, swa swiSe swa J?u maege, aetfeolh }>u J?inum fasstenum and sealmsangum and ge- bedum, J?aette J?u sie forecumende Dryhtnes ansiene on andetnesse and J?u geearnie hine }?e mildne gemetan." And he }?a Adamnanus, fa he wilnode J?aet he hra3e aliesed waere fram J?sem inlicum bendum ]?ara synna J?e he mid hefigod waes, cwaej? to faem maessepreoste : " Swa hwaet swa J?u me onsetest and bebeodest to donne, faet ic halsie on }?aem Dryhtnes dasge, eall ic J?aet eaQlice abere, feah }>e J?u me hate ealle niht waeccendne on gebedum standan, and J?eah ]?e ic scolde ealle wucan faestan, ic J?33t leoflice do." Cwasj? he se masssepreost : " Micel faet is }?aet J?u ealle wucan bQton andleofene Hchaman awunie, ac twidaeglic faesten o]?J?e Jmdaeglic faesten is genog to healdanne. Do J?is," cwaej? he, " oj?)?aet ic eft aefter tide to J?e cume and J?e J?onne fullicor aetiewe hwaet J?u don scyle and hu lange J?u on hreowe awunian scyle." pa ferde se maessepreost fram him. pa gelamp for sumum intingan J?ast he semninga gewat on Hibernia Scotta legland, J?anon he aer com ; ne he eft ma to him hwearf aefter hiera gecwide. Waes he hwaeQre gemyndig his bebodes and eac his gehates; and he on hreowe tearum and on haligum waeccum and on micelre forhaefdnesse Dryhtne feowode, swa j?aet he naefre oftor gereorde ne swsesendu }?eah J?onne )?y Dryhtenlican daege and ]>y flftan wicdaege, swa swa ic fore cwaej? ; oSrum dagum he swa faestende awunode. Mid J?y he fa gehlerde fone maessepreost gewitan on Hibernia and J?aer forfferende ADAMNANUS PROPHESIES 61 beon, he simle of f aere tide fast gemyndgode gemet f asre forhajfdnesse heold and teeste; and faette for intingan f aes godcundan eges anum sl5e for his scylde onbryrded ongann, swa he eft for intingan faere godcundan lufan lustfulliende f aem ecum medum faestlice forf Iseste. Mid f y he f aet fa langre tide forf heold and dyde, fa gelamp sumum daege f aet he waes fram f sem mynstre for sumum f inge fierr gangende, and wass an f ara bro5ra his gefera and him mid code. pa hie fa haefdon hiera siffaet geferedne, fa hwurfon hie eft to ham. And mid f y hie fa fsem mynstre nealsecton and hie gesawon )?a getimbru heahlice areaht and ahaefen, )?a geswearc se Codes mann semninga and ongann hatllce and biterlice wepan and ]>a unrotnesse his heortan mid his andwlitan tacnunge ypte and cySde. pa )?33t fa se his gefera geseah and ongeat, \>a frasgn he hine and ascode hwaet him waere and forhwon he swa gebaerde. pa cwaef he : *' Eall J?as getimbru )?e J?u her gesiehst and sceawast, ge J?a maran ge \>a msetran, neah is }>aet hie call fyr nimej? and on ascan gehwierfej?." pa se bro5or J?a3t J?a gehierde, sona J?ags J?e hie on J?aet mynster eodon, ]?a cy5de he hit and saegde J?sere meder J?sere gesamnunga J?£ere abbudessan, seo wass ^bbe haten. pa waes heo be gewyrhte swi5e gedrefed be swelcum witedome and forht geworden ; gehet fa to hiere J?one Codes mann and geornlice hine fraegn and ascode hwanon he fa wisan cu3e and ongeate. Cwaef he : Ic wass ungeara on niht abysgod on waeccum and on sealmsange and on gebedum ; fa geseah ic semninga me aetstandan sumne mannan uncu3es andwlitan. pa wags ic for his andweardnesse swiSe afyrhted, fa frefrede he me and cwaef f aet ic me ne ondrede. And swa swa he cuSre stefne waes to me sprecende : " Wei f u dest," cwaef he, " fast f u on fisse tide nihtlicre stilnesse nallaes fe slaepe forgiefest, ac ma woldest waeccum and gebedum aetfeolan." Cwaef ic : " Ic wat fast me faes is micel fearf, faet ic halwendum wasccum aetfeole and for minum gedwolum and synnum geornlice Dryhten bensie." Cwaef he, se fe mid me spraec : " Sof fu sagast," cwaef he, ^aeghwae3er 62 ADAMNANUS RELATES HIS VISION ge f e f ass is f earf ge manigum, fast hie hiera synna mid godum weorcum aliesen and fonne hie blinnen fram gewinne hwilwendlicra f inga, fast hie fonne for willunga fara ecra goda fy freolsllcor winnen. Ac fis hwas5re fea ane dof . Sof ic secge, fast ic nu eall f is mynster f urh endebyrdnesse geondferde and syndrigra hus and bedd geseah ; and nasnigne of eallum buton f e ic gemette ymb his sawle haslo abysgodne beon ; ac ealle ge wsepnedmenn ge wlfmenn oj?}?e hefige slaepe sindon oJ?J?e to synnum wacedon. And J?a hus, J?a )?e in to gebiddanne and to leornianne geworhte wseron, J>a sindon nu on hus gehwierfed oferseta and druncennesse and leasspellunga and oSerra unaliefedicra scylda. And eac swelce }>a f asm nan, ]?a J?e Gode gehalgode wasron, swa oft swa hie asmettan habbaj?, wefaj? and wyrca]? smalu hraegl, mid fsem hie o]?J?e hie selfe fraetwa]? on bryda onllcnesse oJ?J?e utwaspnedmanna freondscipes him tiliaj?. For)?on be gewyrhte ]?isse stowe and hiere eardiendum hefig wrasc of heofenum grimsiendum Hegum is gegearwod." CwaeJ? seo abbudesse to him : " Forhwon ne woldest fu sona hraSe J?a diegelnesse me cySan and secgan." J)a andswarode he and cwsej? : *' Ic ondred for flnre arwierSnesse J?aet fu scolde to swl5e gedrefed and afyrhted beon ; and hwaeSre fas frofre fu hafast, fast on flnum dagum fis wlte ofer fas burg ne cymef." {>a f eos gesihf fa wass gemasred, fa wass hwelchwugu faec fast fa blgengan fasre stowe ongunnon him ondrasdan and hie selfe clasnsian and mandasde forleton. Cuthbert. pa se halga Godes mann Cuf beorht, fa he fast legland secean wolde, fast is Fame nemned, wass fasm broSrum cldende and f us cwasf : " Gif me seo godcunde giefu on fasre stowe forgiefen beon wile, fast ic libban mote be minum handgewinne, ic fasr lustllce wunie. Gif hit hwaet elles bif , ic hrasdllce mid Godes willan eft to eow hweorfe." Wass seo stow ge wasteres wasdla ge eorf wasstma ge treowa, ac fasr wass werigra gasta werod CUTHBERT PLANTS THE WILDERNESS 63 and eardungstow and aeghwelcre menniscre eardunga ungescrepe. Ac fa to willan faes Godes weres heo eardiendlic waes geworden, and sona for his cyme fa wergan gastas fanon onweg gewiton. And fa mid f y f e fa fiend onweg gewitene waeron, fa gesohte he him nearu wic and wunenesse and fa mid dice and mid eorf wealle utan ymbsealde and gefaestnode, and on f aem fa niedfearflican hus mid fara broQra handa and fultume, faet is, ciricean and gemaene eardunghus getimbrede. And he fa het fa bro3or on faes ilcan huses flore him sea)? adelfan. Waes seo eorSe to J>aes heard and to )?aes staniht }?aet fasr naanig wiht wiellspringes beon meahte on gesewen . f>a hie fa broSor faet dydon to geleafan and to benum J?aes Godes feowes, J>a 65rum daege waes se seaf waeteres full gemeted. f>aet ilce waeter of f isne andweardan dasg eallum faem f ider cumendum genyhtsumnesse fegnaf . J)a baed se Godes mann faet him man isengeloman mid hwraste fider brohte faet land mid to tawianne. pa fast land fa fetawod waes, and he on gerisene tid mid hwsete hit seow, a ne com f ser naenig grownes up ne waestm, ne furSum brordes of sumera tid. J>a neosedon hie eft fa bro5or and sohton, swa hiera f eaw waes ; fa het he him beressed brengan, gif wen wsere f aet f aet weaxan wolde of f e f aere eorSan gecynd waere, offe willa waes fass uplican fiefendes f aet f aes waestmes ssed faer waere up iernende. a him fa f aet saed broht waes ofer ealle tid to sawanne and ofer ealne hyht waestm to beranne, he on fsem ilcan lande seow ; fa gearn f aer sona up genyhtsumlic ierf and waestm, and fa wilnedan gereordnesse fsem Godes were gegearwode his agnes handgewinnes. Waes on f aem foresprecenan mynstre sum bro3or, f aes nama waes Beadof egn, se waes lange tid cumena arf egn fara fe faet mynster sohton. J)a eode fes broSor sumum daege, faet he wolde his reowan and his hwltlas, faem fe he on cumena bure brucende waes, on sae wascan and feormian. pa he fa eft ham hwearf, fa wearf he semninga on middum faem sif faete mid hefigre adle gehrinen and gestanden, swa faet he hreas and feoll 64 CURED AT CUTHBERT'S TOMB on eor5an and lang faec forf heald licgende waes, and fa aet nlehstan hwon aras. pa he arisende waes, fa gefelde he his llchaman healfne dael fram f aem heafde of fa fet mid fa adle geslaegene beon f e Crecas nemnaf paralysis and we cweSaf lyftadl ; and he mid f y maestan gewinne mid his crycce hine wreSiende ham becom. Weox seo adl styccemaelum and sona on faere ilcan niht hefigre waes geworden, swa j?cet }?a daeg com he uneaSe J?urh hine selfne arisan o]?J?e gan meahte. f>a waes he mid i> aere adle gewaeced and geswenced, fa gefohte he on his mode nytte gefeahte J?aet he wolde swelcum gemete swa he meahte to ciricean cuman and to byrgenne J?aes arwierSan faeder Cufbeorhtes, and f ser his cneow blegan and eafmodlice fa uplican arfaestnesse biddan, of f a3t he fram fsere adle genered waere, offe gif he mid fa godcundan foreseonesse leng mid fa adle claensod beon scolde, f aet he f aet sar meahte gef yldigllce mid smoltum mode aberan and araefnan. J)a dyde he swa he on his mode gehogode, and his fa untruman limu mid his crycce wreSiende code on ciricean ; and hine waes on gebed streccende aet llchaman f aes Godes weres and mid arfaestre ingehygde furh his fultum waes Dryhten biddende faet he him arfaest and milde waere. And fa betweoh his gebedu and bene faet he hwon onslep. J)a gefelde he, swa swa he selfa aefter saegde, swa swa miclu hand and brad his heafod gehrine on faem daele fe faet sar and seo adl on waes, and mid f sere ilcan gehrinenesse ealne fone dael his llchaman, fair he mid faere adle gehefigod waes. J>a f is f us geworden waes, sona f aes f e he onwoc, fa aras he hal and gesund. Bishop John. On f isse tid onfeng Johannes biscophad faere ciricean aet Heagostealdes Te. Be fsem biscope gewuniaf secgan manig wundor gastlicra maegena fa fe hine hiwiscllce cu3on and ealra swi5ost se arwier3a wer and se sof faesta Berhthun, se waes his diacon and eft waes abbud faes mynstres faet is gecieged In Dera Wuda. J)uhte us BISHOP JOHN CUBES THE DUMB 65 gerisne J?set we J?a wundor sumu on ]?isse bee gemynd- goden. Sindon sumu dlegle wic mid wealle and mid bearwe ymbsealde, nauht feorr fram J?aere ciricean Heagostealdes ea, ]?aet is huhwugu on ooerre healfre mile feece ; flowef Tine seo ea betweonan. Habbaj? J?a wic gebedhus and ciricean on }?£em se Godes wer oft mid feawum broorum his geferum stille gewunode to beganne his leornunge and haligu gebedu. pa he J?a sumre tide on foreweard Easterfaesten fider com to wunianne, ]>a het he his geferan ]?aet hie sohten sumne earmne )?earfan, se J>e waere micelre untrumnesse and waedelnesse hefigod, faet hie meahten on j?aem dagum mid him healdan and mid him aelmessan don. Forfon his gewuna waes J?set he simle swa dyde. pa waes on sumum tune nauht feorr sum geong jiearfa, se waas ge dumb ge hreof ; se waes fsem biscope cuj>, forfon he oft aer fore hine com and his aelmessan feng. Se naefre a^nig word gecwe5an meahte, ac swa micle hreofle and scurf on his heafde haefde )?aet him naefre naenig feax on J?aem uferran dsele ]?aes heafdes acenned beon meahte, ac on ymbhwyrfte stodon angrislicu hair. J>a bebead se biscop fisne to him laedan and on his cafortune het him medmicel hus gewyrcean, ]?aet he in wunian meahte and his daeghwamlice andleofne onfon. Mid )?y hit }?a an wuce J?aes faestenes gefylled waes, J?a waes J?y aefterran Dryhtenlican daege faet he het J?one J?earfan in gangan. pa he ]?a inne waes, J?a het he his tungan for)? don of his muoe and him lewan ; genam hine )?a be his cinne and mid tacne }?sere halgan rode hie gesegnode. pa het he teon eft in muj? and het hine sprecan, and )?us cwaej? : fa waes se biscop gefeonde his haelo, and behead his laece J?aet he scolde eac swelce haelan and lacnian J?a hreofle his heafdes. And he swa dyde, and waes gefultumod mid J?aes biscopes bletsunga and gebedum, faet se geonga wass geworden hal on Hchaman and gearowyrde on gespraece and haefde crispe loccas faegere, se }>e aer waes unwlitig, fearfa and hreof and dumb. Nis J?aet wundor to forswigianne J?ast Herebeald se Cristes J?eow sasgde fram him. Waes he J?a on his geferscipe drohtiende and eft wass abbud on feem mynstre aet faam gemyndgedan Tine streame. CwaeJ? he : '* Waes ic on J?a aerestan tid mines geogo}? hades on his geferscipe drohtiende and him befaested waes to J>on J?aet ic scolde aeghwae3er ge sang ge bee leornian ; ac fa gena ic ne waes mm mod fullfremedlice beweriende J>sem geogoflicum unaliefednessum. Gelamp sumum daege, J?a we ferende wszron mid hine, faet we becomon on smeSne feld and rumne, and waes gescrepe aerneweg. pa ongunnon J?a geongan biddan J?one biscop, J?a J?e mid hine w^ron, and swiSost l^ewde, J?aet he him aliefde J?aet hie aernan mosten and gecunnian hwelc hiera swiftost hors haefde. J)a wifsoc se biscop aerest and cwae}> faet }?aet Idel and unnyt waere, J?aet hie baedon and wilnedon. Ac J>a aet niehstan mid anmodum willan manigra J?aet he waes oferswiSed. CwaeJ? he : 'Do]? swa, gif ge willen, and hwaedre, >aet Herebeald eallunga hine fram J?aem geflite ahaebbe.' f>a abaed ic geornllce and healsode J?aet me waere eac aliefednes seald to aernanne and to flltanne mid him, forfon ic getriewde mmum horse wel J?aem betstan, J?aet me biscop sealde. And J?eah J?e ic georne b^de, ne meahte nsengum J?inga aliefednesse abiddan. Mid )?y ic J?a gelomlice hider and ]?ider me hwierfde and se biscop me a beheold, }?a geaerndon hie sume frage and eft hwurfon. And ic waes mid gaegliscum mode THE RIDER IS THROWN 67 oferswi9ed, fast ic me ne meahte bewerian, J?eah J?e me se biscop bewerede, ac ic me to faem plegan gemengde and ongann samod aernan mid him. Mid }?y ic J?set dyde, J?a gehierde ic J>one biscop me on baeclinge mid geomrunga cweSan : ' Eala, hwaet, J?u me micel yfel and laj? dest mid flnre aerninga.' And ic }?a word gehierde and nauht J?on ser J?aere aerninge blann. Ne waes J?a ieldenn ; mid J>y J>aet hors swiSost am and onaalde hine, waes )>aet hit sume sloh on faem wege swidran raise oferhleop and oferstielde. pa wear)? me slide and him of afeoll and ic sona waes aswolten, and mm gewitt and ealle mine styrenesse forleas. Waes on J?aere ilcan stowe sum Stan fsere eordan gelic mid ]?ynre tyrf bewrigen and nsenig 65er stan on eallum faem felda gemeted beon meahte. pa gelamp mid )?a godcundan foreseonesse J?£ere synne to witnunga minre unhiersumnesse, faet ic hreosende waas, and mid \>y heafde and mid handa com on J?one stan drifan. And se J?uma gebrocen waes and eac swelce seo gefeodnes J?ass heafdes tobrocen waes and toliesed, and swa swa ic cwasj?, fast ic waes deadum gelic and nan lim onstyrian meahte. J>a slogon hie geteld ofer me, on J?sem ic laeg. Waes hit huhwugu seo seofoSe tid daeges, J?aet is an tid ofer midne daeg ; fram J?aere tide oj? £fen ic stille laeg and swa dead wunode. J>a hit sefen waes, J>a acwicode ic hwon and mine geferan me ham baeron, and ic swigiende ealle ]?a niht awunode and blode spaw, forfon mine innoSas on fasm fielle tolocene wseron. And se biscop hefigllce sargode be faem fielle and be minre forwyrde, forj?on J?e he me mid syndrigre lufe lufode ; ne he wolde J?aere nihte aefter his feawe mid his geferum wunian, ac he ana on gebedum stod and }?a niht ealle wacode. Ic wene J?set he waere bensiende J?a uplican arfaestnesse minra gesynta and he sona on aermorgen eode in to me, and sang orationem ofer me and nemde me minum naman. J>a waes ic sona swa ic of hefigum slaepe aweaht waere. pa fraegn he me hwae5er ic wiste hwa f aet wsere, se J?e to me sprecende waes. pa ontynde ic mine eagan, locode on hine, and cwaej? : ' Ic wat geare J?aet )?u eart mm se leofesta biscop.' Cwae]? 68 HIS HURTS ARE HEALED he : ' pyncef f e, maege f u libban ?' Cwaef ic : ' Ic maeg f urh eowru gebedu, gif Dryhten wile/ pa sette he his hand on mm heafod and me segnode and bletsode and hwearf eft to his gebede, and aefter medmiclum faece neosode he mm eft and cunnode. pa gemette he me sittendne, and ic sprecan meahte. pa ongann he me ascian and frignan hwae3er ic wiste hwaeQer ic on riht buton incan gefulwod waere. Andswarode ic him and cwaef f aet ic buton tweon wiste mid fulluhtbaeoe on synna forlaetennesse afwaegen beon, and faes maessepreostes naman him nemde, fram faem ic wiste J?ast ic gefulwod wass. CwasJ? he, se biscop : ' Gif J?u fram fissum ma^ssepreoste gefulwod wasre, J?onne ne eart J?u full- fremedlice no on riht gefulwod. Forfon ic hine cu3e J?a he to maessepreoste gehalgod waes and he nsefre fram ungleawnesse and for his unscearpnesse fa J?enunge to cristnianne oj?]7e to fulwianne on riht geleornian meahte. And ic him forj?on }?a fenunge forbead, forfon he rihtlice gefyllan ne meahte.' f>a he J?is cwae}>, sona on fa ilcan tid fa cristnode he me. J)a waes geworden, faes f e he on mmre andwlitan bleow, fa sona instsepe gefelde ic me batiendne and wierpendne. f>a het he Isece to him and him bebead fast he fa toliesdan gefeodnesse mmre heafodwunde gesette and awri5e. And sona faes fe ic his bletsunge haefde, fa getrumode ic me and gestrangod waes, swa f aet ic on morgen hleop on mm hors and ferde mid hine on 65re stowe to oorum hame. A Memorable Miracle. pissum tidum gemyndelic wundor and ealdum wundrum gelic on Bretene waes geworden. Forf on f e to aweahtnesse libbendra manna of sawle deaSe sum mann waes sum faec dead and eft to life lichaman aras and manig f ing gemynde wieroe saegde, fa he geseah. Waes sum hiwscipes faeder and higna ealdor on feodlande Nor5anhymbra, faet is gecieged On Cununingum ; lifde he sefaestlice his lif mid his hirede. pa wearf he Hchamlicre untrumnesse gehrinen and A MIRACULOUS VISION 69 gestanden ; and seo daeghwamlice weox, oJ?J>aet he to }?aem ytemestan daege gelseded waes, and on foreweardre niht forj?ferde. Ac on dagunga he eft acwicode and semninga up heah asset; and ealle J?a ]?e aet his lichaman wepende saeton mid unmaetum ege geslaegene waeron and ut flugon buton his wif an, J?e hine swiQost lufode ; seo an inne awunode, )?eah \>e heo swiQe forht waere and bifiende. f>a frefrede he hie and cwaej? : " Ne ondraed J?e, forfon )?e ic soflice fram dea3e aras and eom forlaeten mid mannum libban, nallaes hwaeSre J?y life J?e ic aer lifde, ac swiSe ungelice of fisse tide me is to libbanne." And ]?a sona aras and eode to fsere ciricean J?ass tunes and o}> hlut- orne daeg on gebede stod. And sona agfter J?on ealle his aehte on j?reo todaelde; aenne dael he his wife sealde, pSerne his bearnum ; J?one ]?riddan, }>e him gelamp, he instaepe gedaelde, and aefter medmiclum faece eall woruld|?ing forlet and to Mailros faem mynstre com. And he J?£er Codes J?eowhad and scare onfeng and on diegle ancerstowe eode J?e se abbud him foreseah, and J?a!r oj> J?one daeg his dea5es on swa miclum gedrecced- nessum and forhaefdnessum modes and lichaman aheardode and awunode, faette menn meahton ongietan J?aet he manig fing ge egeslicu ge wilsumlicu geseah J?e 65re mi5on ; feah J?e seo tunge swigode, J?aet his lif wass sprecende. Saegde he fys gemete J?aette he geseah and cwaej?, *' Leohtre gesihf e and ansiene and beorhtum gegierelan waes se \>e me laldde. Eodon wit swigiende, j?aes J?e me J?uhte and gesegen waes, ongean nor)?eastrodor, swa sunnan upgang bij? aet middum sumera. Mid J?y wit J?a hwile eodon, becomon wit to sumre dene, seo waes micelre braedo, deopnesse and ungeendodre lenge ; waes unc on J?a winstran healfe geseted. O3er dael waes weallendum liegum full, swiSe egesfullice, 65er waes nauhte J?on laes unaraefnedlic ciele haegles and snawes. Waes gehwaeSer manna sawla full, fa wrixendlice on twa healfe gesegene waeron, swa swa mid unmaetnesse micles stormes, worpene beon. ponne hie )?aet maegen }?aere unmaetan haeto araefnan ne meahton, f onne stieldan hie eft earmllce on middel J?aes unmaetan cieles; and mid J?y 70 PASSING THROUGH THE FLAMES hie fair naenige reste gemetan meahton, fonne stieldon hie eft on middan j?aes biernendan fyres and J>aes unadwsescedan lieges. Mid \>y hie \>a feorr and wide, swa geseon meahton, butan firstmearce asnigre reste mid J>a unriman menigeo sweartra gasta j?raeste wseron, J?a ongann ic J?encean and wende J?aet hit hell wsere. J>a andswarode he minum gefohte se mm latteow, se pe me foreeode, and J?us cwaej? : " Nis J?is seo hell, swa j>u talast and wenest." Mid J?y ic j?a waes mid J?isse angrislican waMersiene swiSe gefyrhted and gebreged, J?a lajdde he me styccema^lum for)? on fierre land, pa geseah ic semninga beforan unc onginnan J?eostrian J?a stowe and miclum fiestrum eall gefylled. Mid ]?y wit J?a on J?a fiestro ineodon, and hie styccemselum swa miclu and swa ficcu wasron fast ic nauht geseon meahte, nemne fset seo ansien scan and J?a his hraegl leoht wseron, se j?e me lasdde, and mid \>y wit }?a forfgangende wseron under faBm scuwan J?sere fiestran nihte, J?a astiewdon semninga beforan unc manige heapas sweartra Hega, J?a wseron up astlgende swa swa of miclum seaSe, and eft wa3ron feallende and gewltende on fone ilcan sea}?. Mid J?y ic J?a fider gelseded wass, j?a ne wiste ic semninga hw3er mm latteow becom, and he me forlet on middum J?sem fiestrum and fsere angrislican gesihfe. And mid J?y J?a ilcan heapas )?ara fyra butan blinne hwilum up astigon on heanesse, hwilum niSer gewiton on J?a neowolnesse J?ass seaQes, geseah ic and sceawode : ealle }>a heanessa f ara upastigendra Hega fulle waeron manna gasta, J?a on onlicnesse upastigendra yslena mid rece, hwilum on heanesse beo}? up worpene, hwilum eft wgeron eft aslidene on neowolnesse and on grund. Swelce eac unarasfnedlicu fulnes waes mid fass fyres frosme aweallende, and ealle )?a stowe }?ara fiestra gefylde. J)a )?ing and eac 6(5ru, J?e se Dryhtnes wer geseah, nallaes eallum mannum asghwser swangrum and hiera Hfes ungiemendum secgan wolde, ac J?aim anum, J?a }>e o)?}?e for ege tintrega afyrhte wseron o)?J?e mid hyhte }?ara ecra gefeana and eadignesse lustfulledon, faem he wolde mid arfaestnesse lufe )?a )?ing cy5an and secgan. VOCABULARY 71 VOCABULARY. N.B. — For abbreviations see p. 93. a adv. ever. abbud sm. abbot. abbudesse wf. abbess. aberan si>4 endure. abidan svl remain. abiddan sv5 beg, implore. abielgan sv3 anger. ablinnan sv3 cease. abrecan av4 take by storm. abregdan sv3 snatch away, rescue. abysgian wv. trouble, engross. ac but. acennan wv. generate, produce; acenned, born, aciegan wv. call, call away. acierran wv. turn away. acsian wv. enquire, ask. acwellan wv. slay, massacre, acwician wv. revive. ad sm. pile of wood for burning, adelfan sv3 dig. adl sf. sickness. adlig sick, infirm, adon ath. v. up a. take up, disinter. adrencean wv. drown, adrifan svl drive away, adrugian wv. grow dry. adun down, downwards, adwaescan wv. extinguish. a} sf. law. aefeest pious. aefaestnes sf. piety, religion. selenn sm. evening, aefengereord sn. supper, aefenglomung sf. evening glow, afterglow, twilight, aefentid sf. eventide, evening, selest sm. envy. setter folgian wv. follow, aelterfyligan wv. follow, selterlylgend sm. successor, sefterieldo sf. succeeding age. aefterra compar. following, next, aelweard absent, aeghwaer everywhere. aeghwae3er each (of two). aeghwaeSer ge . . .ge both . . . and. aghwanon from all sides. seghwider in all directions. »ht sf. possession, property. sel sm. eel. alan wv. kindle, light. aelc each. aelmesse wf. alms. aslmihtig almighty. alnett sn. eel-net. aemetta wm. leisure. aenig any. aenne, see an. »r prep., adv. before; }>on aer, the sooner. aercebiscop sm. archbishop. aergedon previously done (fought). asrende sn. message, errand. geJerendian wv. intercede. arendwreca wm. messenger, envoy. a}rest superl. of ser, first, soonest. serist sf. resurrection. sermorgen sm. early morning. aernan wv. gallop, race. aerneweg sm. race-course. csrning sf. racing. arra compar. of ser, earlier, former. aat at; near; from. aetfeolan s^3 adhere, continue in. aetgaedere together. aatiewan wv. show, reveal ; appear. aetiewnes sf. showing, manifesta- tion. aetstandan svG stand near. aettren venomous. •ffittreocuin Utrecht. aetwltan svl blame, criticise. sedele noble. ae3ellic noble. alaegan wv. paint, adorn. aleallan red. v. fall. afedan wv. nurture, bring up. aieohtan sv3 attack, oppose. aflieman wv put to flight. 72 VOCABULARY afyrhtan wo. terrify, agan pst. prs. v. possess, own. agen adj. own. agendlice properly, agieldan sv3 pay, render. feagnian wv. gain possession of. golden, see agieldan. ahabban wv. abstain, aheardian wv. became hardened, inured. ahebban svQ raise. ahnescian wv. make tender, soften. anon red. v. hang up. aidlian wv. [idel] make useless, profane. alaedan wv. lead away, remove, alesan sv5 pick out, select. a lie fan wv. grant, permit, allesend Redeemer. aliesnes sp. release; redemption, salvation. aliesendlic bond-loosing. Smaeran wv. proclaim; ut amaerde, banished, ampella wm. bottle. an one ; alone, ancor sm. anchor, ancerlif sn. hermit's life, ancerstow sf. hermitage. Andelegum Andely. andetnes sf. confession, andettan wv. confess. andettere sm. confessor. andgiet sn. meaning, sense. andleofen sf. maintenance, susten- ance. andswaru sf. answer. andswarian wv. answer, andweard, facing; present. andweardnes sf. presence ; present time. andwlita wm. face, anforlaetan red. v. relinquish, angrislic hideous. Angelcynn sn. English race. Angelpeod sf. English people, angellic angelic. angelic angelic. anllcnes sf. likeness; picture, anliepig individual, private, anmod, unanimous. annes sf. oneness, unity, anrsednes sf. resolution, anslen sf. face, aspect; presence, anweald sm. power, authority. anwealg whole, entire. apostolic apostolic. ar sn. copper. ar sf. honour. ariedan wv. arrange, arasdnes sf. condition, araefnan wv. carry out, accom- plish; suffer patiently, endure, arseran wv. rear, erect, areccean wv. erect. arfaest pious ; merciful, kind, arisan svl arise. arleas ruthless, cruel, arlic honourable. team, see iernan. r]?egn sm. servant, attendant, arweordian wv. honour. arwierSe honourable, noble. arwierdlice honourably. asaagdnes sf. sacrifice. asce wf. ash, ashes. ascian, see acsian. asculan sv2 drive away, banish. asecgan wv. utter, declare. asettan wv. place, set up. asittan sv5 sit, sit up. aslean svQ geteld a. erect (a tent). aslldan svl slip, fall. aslifan svl cut away, destroy. aspannan svQ attract. aspeon orig. aspdn see aspannan. astandan sv6 stand, stand fast. astemnian wv. found, establish. astigan svl ascend ; embark ; descend. aswebban wv. lull. ^asweltan sv3 die. ateon sv2 draw away; entice. attor sn. poison. a}? sm. oath. a >enian wv. stretch, spread. a}?reotan sv2 tire, weary. aj?wean sv& wash. apwegene, see aj?wean. auht anything. aweahtnes sp. awakening, rous- ing. VOCABULARY 73 iweallan red. v. seethe, aweaxan red. v. grow, aweccean wv. awaken, aweorpan sv3 throw away, reject, awierged cursed, awindan sv3 plait, awiht, see auht. awredian wv. support, sustain., awritan svl carve, draw; write, awridan svl bandage, awunian wv. remain. baecling, on baeclinge adv. back. baed^ see biddan. gebaeran wv. behave. bc&rnan wv. trs. burn. gebaeru pi. n. behaviour. baej? S7i. bath. gebsete sn. bridle. ban sn. bone. barn, see biernan. batian wv. improve. badian wv. bathe. badu, see baej?. be concerning. beag. see bugan. beald bold, daring. beam sm. tree ; beam. bearhtm sm. glance. beam sn. child. bearo sm. grove, wood. Bebbanburg Bamborough. bebeodan sv2 order, enjoin; commend. bebindan sv3 envelop. bebod sn. command, bebycgean wv. sell, bebyrigan wv. bury, bebyrignes s/. burial. bee, see boc. beceorfan sv3 cut off. becuman sv4 come, arrive, gebed sn. prayer, bedd sn. bed. beden, see biddan. gebedhus sn. oratory, chapel, gebedian wv. pray, worship, bedrifan svl drive, gebedstow s/. place of prayer, befsestan wv. make over, entrust, befleon si?2 flee. beioran prep. adv. before. began ath. v. observe ; take care of. begang sm. observance, worship. begangan red. v. worship ; carry on, pursue. begeondan beyond. begietan sv5 obtain. begyrdan wv. gird. behealdan red. v. behold ; take heed behoflan wv. need, require. behygdig vigilant, careful. belimpan si?3 pertain. ben_s/. prayer; petition. benaeman wv. deprive. bend sm. bond. beniman sv4 deprive. bensian wv. supplicate. beod sm. table. beon ath. v. be. gebeor sm. fellow-beer-drinker, boon companion. gebeorg sn. defence. beorht bright. beotung s/. threat. beran sv4 bear ; bring. beresJed sn. barley seed. bescieran sv4 shear, tonsure. besittan sv5 inhabit. bestelan si;4 steal away, escape. beswapan red. v. envelop. beswican svl deceive; elude. beswician wv. deceive; elude. ket_adv. better. bet&cean wv. hand over. betan wv. amend ; repair. betera better. betst best. between between, among. bepeccean wv. roof, thatch. betweonan, betweonum between. betynan wv. enclose. beweddian wv. betrothe. bewerian wv. guard; prevent, forbid. bewindan sv3 wind round, en- velop. bewreon svl cover. bidan svl wait, remain. biddan sv5 ask, pray. gebiddan sv5 used reflex pray ; pray to, worship. 74 VOCABULARY biegan wv. bend. bieldo sf. boldness. bierhtan wv. be brilliant. biernan st>3 intrs. burn. bifian wv. tremble. bifylce sn. neighbouring region. bigenga wm. inhabitant; bene- factor. bilewitnes sf. gentleness. bindan sv3 bind. binnan within. biscop sm. bishop. biscophad sm. episcopal office, episcopacy. biscoplic episcopal. biscopscir sf. diocese. biscopsetl sn. bishop's see; bishopric. bisen sf. example. biterllce bitterly. blaca, see blsec. blacern sn. lantern. bhec black, dark. blsecean wv. bleach. blann, see blinnan. blawan red. v. blow (wind, breath). bletsian wv. bless. bletsung sf. blessing. blindnes sf. blindness. blinn sm. cessation. blinnan sv3 cease. bliss sf. happiness. bliQe happy; well-disposed. blod sn. blood. blodgyte sm. bloodshed [geotan]. blostma wm. blossom, flower. blostmian wv. blossom, flower. blowan red. v. blow, blossom. boc sf. book. bocland sn. freehold land. bodig sn. body. bodian wv. preach. bosm sm. bosom. bot sf. remedy ; amendment. brad broad. braedo sf. breadth. brecan sv4 break. bred sn. board. bregan wv. terrify. bregdan av3 move, wag. brengan wv. bring. Breten Britain. Brettas Britons. Brige Brie. brocen, see brecan. brord sm. blade of grass. brodor sm. brother. gebr69ru pi. brothers. brucan sv2 use ; enjoy. brugden, see bregdan. bryce sm. breaking (brecan). bryce sm. profit, use (brucan). brycg sf. bridge. brycian wv. benefit. bryd sf. bride. brydguma wm. bridegroom. bryne sm. burning, inflammation. bufan above. bugan sv2 bend, give way. gebunden, see bindan. burg sf. town, city. burne wf. stream, river. buton, butan without, except; adv. unless. bycgean wv. buy. byrgenn sf. tomb, byrig, see burg, byrdenn sf. burden. cald cold. Gale Chelles. calortun sm. court-yard; hall, vestibule. camphad sm. warfare, campian wv. fight. cann pst. pres. v. can. Cantwara people of Kent. casere sm. emperor, ruler, ceapstow sf. market. ceaster sf. town, city. ceasterwara townsmen, citizens, cempa wm. warrior. Cent, Centrice Kent. ceosan sv2 choose; appoint, gecid sn. chiding, quarreling, cldan wv. chide, ciegan wv. call; summon, ciele sm. cold, ciepe for sale. ciepemann sm. merchant, gecierran wv. turn ; convert, cieste sf. chest, coffin, cildlic infant, childish. VOCABULARY 7i cine wf. crack, chink. cinn sf. chin. ciriclic of a church; ecclesiasti cal. claene clean, pure. clajne adv. utterly. claennes sf. purity. clsensian wv. cleanse, purify. clap sm. cloth. cleofa wm. chamber, cell. clil sn. cliff; hill-side. cliolum, see clif. clipian wv. call; cry out. gecnawan red. v. know, recognise. cneo sn. knee. cniht sm. boy, young man. cnihtcild sn. male child. cnihthad sm. boyhood, youth. Coludes burg Coldingham in Berwickshire. gecoren pp. of ceosan, distin- guished. crseft sm. skill, art. Crecisc Greek. crisp curly (hair). cristen Christian. gecristnian wv. christen. crycc sf. staff. cuma ivm. visitor. cuman sv4 come. cunnian wv. explore, feel ; test, prove. Oununingas Cunningham in 8. Scotland. curen, see ceosan. cuj? known, certain. cude ps t. of cann. cuj?llc certain. cuj>llce intimately, familiarly. cwaedon, see cwedan. cwalu sf. killing, destruction. cwellere sm. slayer, murderer. cwen sf. queen. cwellan wv. kill. cwedan sv5 say. cwic living. cwide sm. saying, utterance. cwielman wv. torment, torture; slaughter. cwist, see cwedan. cyme sm. coming. cyme]?, see cuman. gecynd sfn. nature, natural function, cyning sm. king, cyningcynn sn. royal line, cynelic royal. cynewise wf. kingship, rule, cynn sn. tribe, kind, species, race. cydan wv. make known, declare, cyjmes sf. testimony. cyj>}> sf. knowledge. dad sf. deed, act. gedselthce suitably, properly. daeg sm. day. daeghwamllce daily. dJel_sm. part; region; direction. gedaelan wv. divide. dalnimend sm. partaker. gedalenian wv. befit, suit. daga, see daeg. dagian wv. dawn. dagung sf. dawn. gedal sn. separation, division. daru sf. injury. dead dead. dearr pst. pres. v. dare. deap sm. death. gedefe suitable. dema wm. judge. deman wv. judge. dene sf. valley. deofplcraelt sm. devilish practice, witchcraft. deololgield sm. idol. deop deep. deopnes sf. depth. Deorwenta Derwent. Dera Wudu Beverley in E. York- shire, near Hull. dej?, see don. diacon sm. deacon. die sm. embankment, rampart. gedician wv. dig, construct. diegellice secretly. diegelnes sf. secrecy, seclusion ; secret. diegle secret, hidden. discipulhad sm. pupilage, train- ing. dohtor sf. daughter. dolgswaej? sf. scar, cicatrix. VOCABULAEY domne lord, master (dominus). don ath. v. put, place ; make, cause. Dorcotceaster Dorchester in Oxfordshire, dorste, pst. of dearr. gedreccednes sf. affliction, drefan wv. perturb. drllan svl rush, dash, drincan sv3 drink, drohtian wv. live, dwell, druncen drunk, druncennes sf. drunkenness, drycraef t sm. sorcery. dryge dry. Dryhten sm. Lord, dryhtenlic of the Lord, divine, dumb dumb. dun sf. hill. duru sf. door. gedwola wm. error; superstition. dwoliend erring, perverse. dyde, see don. dyselic foolish. dysignes sf. folly. ea sf. river. eac also; eac swelce, also. eadig blessed. eadignes sf. blessedness. eage wn. eye. eagj?yrel sn. window. eaht sf. estimate, reckoning. eahta eight eald old. ealdoi sm. chief ; prince, princess. ealdorbiscop sm. chief priest. ealdorburg sf. chief city. ealdordom sm. chief authority. ealdorlicnes sf. authority. ealdormann sm. chief man, noble- man. eall all ; ealra swiSost. especially ; mid ealle, utterly, entirely. eallunga entirely, absolutely. eardian wv. dwell, inhabit. eardiendlic habitable. eardung sf. habitation, dwelling ; precincts. eardunghus sn. dwelling house. eardungstow */. place of abode. iare wn. ear. earg cowardly. earm wretched, earm sm. arm. earmlice wretchedly, in a pitiable manner. geearnian wv. deserve, earn, geearnung «/. merit, reward; deserts. eastan east. Eastengle East Anglians. EasterfaBSten sn. Easter fast, eastleode pi. eastern people. Eastran pi. Easter, eastrihte due east, eastsae sm. eastern sea. Eastseaxe East Saxons, eastweard eastern. eade easily. eaj?mod humble. eaf>lice easily, without difficulty. eaj?modlice humbly. ece eternal. edlean sn. reward, geedwierpan wv. restore, recover, efenblissiend equally rejoicing. efenceasterwaru fellow-citizens, efencuman sv4 come in a body, elenierfeweard sm. joint heir, efenrice of equal authority, efne adv. even; just. elstan wv. hasten. eft again. ege sm. awe, dread, egesfullic awful, terrible, egeslic awful. ehtan wv. pursue; persecute, ehtere sm. pursuer, ele sm. oil. EHg Ely. ellenwodnes sf. zeal, elles otherwise, else, ellicor otherwise. elreord foreign; barbarous, elpeodignes sf. foreign life, exile, ende sm. end. endebyrdnes sf. order, geendian wv. end, finish, engel sm. angel, engellic angelic. englisc English. eode, see gan. Eoforwicceaster York. VOCABULAEY 77 eoredmann sm. rider, horseman. eor5e wf. earth, land. eorjjwaestm sm. fruits of the earth. eor]?weall sm. earth wall, em- bankment. eowde sn. flock. eower your. etan sv5 eat. edel sm. native land, home. lac sn. space; interval of time. laeder sm. father. faedera father's brother, uncle. faeger fair, beautiful. faBgere beautifully. lamne woman, lady. iastan wv. fast. lasten sn. fastness, fortified place ; fast, fasting. lastllce firmly; completely, lastnian wv. fasten; make strong. lat sn. vessel. lam sn. foam, langene, see Ion. laran sv& go, travel. iatu, see fast, lea few. gelea wm. joy. leallan red. v. fall, ieanes sf. fewness, scarcity. leax sn. hair (of head), gefeaxe adj. with hair, ledan wv. nurture, bring up. fela indecl. many, lelan wv. feel. leld sm. field, leng sm. hostility. lenn sn. fen, swamp. leoh sn. money ; property, geleoht sn. fighting. feohtan st>3 fight. leoll, see leallan. eeleon sv5 rejoice, leond sm. enemy. leondlic of enemy, hostile. leondseoc possessed by a devil, leorh sn. life; body. leormian wv. feed, entertain; clean. leorr far. leorran from afar. leoung sf. hatred. feower four. leowertig forty ; f . sum, one of forty. feowertiglic lasting fourteen days, feowerda fourth, gelera wm. companion, leran wv. go, journey, gelerscipe sm. retinue, fetian wv. fetch. Ie5a wm. troop, force, fiell sm. fall, fiellan wv. make to fall, destroy ; on wsel f., massacre, fiend, see feond. fierd sf. army. iierr adv. comp. of f eorr. fierra comp. adj. farther, fierrest sup. adj. farthest. fifta fifth. filtig fifty. lindan sv3 find ; hit upon, devise, firenfull sinful, firenlust sm. sinfulness. first sm. space of time ; respite, firstmearc sf. interval, lisc sm. fish, fiscnaj? sm. fishing, liscwielle abounding in fish, lleon sv2 flee, fliehj?, see lleon. ^ellit sn. dispute, quarrel; con- test. llitan svl contest, compete, llor sm. floor, flowan red. v. flow. llugon, see lleon. folc sn. people, lolclic of the people, folga}? sm. retinue, service. Ion red. v. seize, catch, lor sf. journey. lorbaernan wv. destroy by fire, lorbeodan sv2 forbid, lorbiernan sv3 be destroyed by fire. lordilgian wv. obliterate. lord sm. ford, lor don ath. v. destroy. 78 VOCABULAEY fore prep. adv. before, in front, at the head ; foil, case) for. lorecuman sv± come before. forecwedan sv5 foretell; mention above. foregan ath. v. precede. loremanian wv. forewarn. foresceawung sf. forethought. foreseen sv5 provide. foreseones sf. foresight, provi- dence. foresettan wv. plan. foresittan sv5 preside. loresprecen above-mentioned. foreweard advanced, late; on f., in advance. forgiefan sv5 give, grant ; forgive. forgietan sv5 forget. forhaefdnes sf. abstinence. forhergian wv. devastate. forhogian wv. despise. forht afraid. forhtian wv. fear. iorhycgean wv. despise. forierman wv. reduce to misery. lorlsetan red. v. abandon, forsake ; allow. forlsetennes sf. remission. forleosan sv2 destroy ; lose, forfeit. lorniman sv4 destroy. forseon sv5 neglect, despise. forswigian wv. be silent about, ignore. lortreddan wv. trample on. forj)_forth; henceforth. for ?»m because ; therefore. for ?beran sv4 divulge, reveal.. forjrferan wv. depart; die. for >for sf. passing away, death. forpgangan red. v. go forward, go on, proceed. forpheald with face underneath. forphealdan red. v. continue. forj)hlifian wv. stand forth, be prominent. for]?iernan sv3 elapse. forj?l33stan wv. continue. forj?on, for)?0n J?e because. forwyrd sf. destruction; injury. fot sm. foot. iracoj? vile, wicked. fraegn, see frignan. Irastwan wv. adorn, fram by ; from ; concerning. Francland France, frecednes sf. danger, frecne dangerous. frefran wv. comfort. fremde strange, foreign. fremlic profitable. fremman wv. do, perform; avail, fremsumlice kindly. fremsumnes sf. benefit, liberality, freo free, freolslice freely. freonama wm. free name, eccle- siastical name. freond sm. friend, freondscipe sm. friendship. Friesa wm. Frisian, frignan sv3 enquire. frofor sf. comfort, consolation, fruma wm. beginning, origin, frympelic original, early. fugol sm. bird. fugolwielle abounding in birds, fulnes sf. foulness, stench, fullice fully. fullfremedllce completely, fulluht, see fulwiht. fultum sm. help. gefultumian wv. help, fultumend sm. helper, fulwian wv. baptise, fulwiht, fulluht sn. baptism, fulwihtbae}? sn. water of baptiam furlang sn. furlong. fur9or further. furdum adv. even, fuslice eagerly. fyllan wv. fill; fulfil, complete, fyrhto sf. terror, fyrhtan wv. terrify. fyr sn. fire. gaeglisc wanton, forward, gaers sn. grass. gagates sm. jet. gan ath. v. go (on foot), gegan ath. v. overrun ; conquer, gang sm. going, walking, gangan red. v. go, walk, garsecg sm. ocean. VOCABULARY gast sm. spirit, gastlic spiritual. ge ye. ge . . . ge both . . . and. gear sn. year. geara long ago. geare fully, well, gearu ready. gearowyrde fluent, eloquent, gearwian wv. prepare, provide, geat 57i. gate. gen, gena yet, still. geo formerly. geoc sn. yoke, geomrung sf. melancholy. geogo]?had sm. youth, geogoplic youthful, geondfaran svQ journey over., geondferan wv. pass through. geondscinan svl shine through- out. geong young. georne earnestly. georniulnes sf. zeal, eagerness. geornlice earnestly, eagerly. geotan sv2 pour, shed. giefu sf. gift ; favour, grace. gieman wv. care for, attend to. giemenn sf. care, charge. giemleasian wv. neglect. giengran, see geong. gegierela wm. dress. gierd sf. rod, twig. gierwan wv. prepare; adorn. giestsern sn. guest-chamber.. giestlljmes sf. hospitality. glet yet, still. gil if. giferlice greedily. gimm sm. gem, jewel. ginian wv. gape. gleaw shrewd. god sn. god. God sm. God. god good. godcund divine. godcundlice divinely. godcundnes sf. religion. godgield sm. idol. Godmundingaham Goodmanham. in E. Yorkshire, goldfaet sn. gold vessel. Gota Goth. grammaticcrseft sm. grammar. Grantaceaster Grantchester, near Cambridge, grene green. gretan wv. greet, accost, grimm fierce, cruel, severe, grimsian wv. rage, be fierce, gristbitian wv. grind (teeth). growan red.v. grow. grownes sf. growth, vegetation, grund sm. bottom, gryre sm. horror, terror, gylden golden. gyrdan wv. gird on. habban wv. have ; hold ; hold back. gehabban wv. hold in, restrain. had sm. rank, office; condition. hadian wv. ordain, appoint, haegl sm. hail. hie Ian wv. heal. gehJeled wholesome. Hjelend Saviour. halo sf. health; healing; salva- tion. haer sn. hair. haerlest sm. harvest, autumn. haes sf. command. h»to sf. heat. h»5en heathen. haeSennes sf. heathendom. Hagostealdes ea Hexham in Northumberland. hal whole; uninjured. gehalgian wv. hallow, consecrate. halgung sf. consecration. halian wv. get well; be cured. halig holy. halignes sf. holiness; religion. halsian wv. be saved. halsung sf. divination. halwende wholesome. halwendnes sf. wholesomeneas, salubrity. ham sm. home ; house. hand sf. hand; on hand eodon, gave themselves up. handgewinn sn. labour of one's hands. hangian wv. intr. hang. 80 VOCABULARY hat hot. gehat sn. promise. hatan red. v. order; call, name. gehatan red. v. promise ; summon. hatlice violently, passionately. hatte was called. healod sn. head. heafodwund sf. wound in the head. Heagostealdes ea, see Hago-. heah high. heahlice splendidly, nobly, geheald sn. holding, observance, healdan red. v. hold, keep, heali half. heall sf. side, heall sf. hall. healsian wv. implore, heanes sf. height; supremacy, heanne, see heah. heap sm. band; mass. heapmjelum in bands, heard hard; severe, hearg sm. heathen temple, headorian wv. restrain, confine ; be an obstacle. heaum, see heah. heawan red. v. cut, hew. hebban svG raise, heflg heavy; severe, hefigian wv. afflict, be afflicted, heftglice severely, hefigness sf. affliction, helan si>4 conceal. hell sf. hell, help sf. help, heofon sm. heaven, heofonlic heavenly. heofonrice sn. kingdom of heaven. heonon hence, from here. heorot sm. hart, staer. heorte wf. heart, her here. here sm. host, army, heretoga wm. leader, captain, hergung sf. raiding, harrying, hergian wv. devastate, harry, herian wv. praise. hete sm. hate. Hi lona. hid sf. measure of land, hide, hider hither. hidercyme sm. coming hither, advent, hieg sn. hay. hiehsta superl. of heah. gehield 57i. observance. hieldan wv. incline, droop, hienan wv. humiliate, insult. hieran wv. hear ; w. d. obey, hierde sm. shepherd, hiernes sf. obedience, hierra wm. lord, overlord. hlersumian wv. obey, higa wm. family, household ; community. higna, see higa. hired sm. family; community (hiw-r»d). Hispanie Spain. hiw sn. appearance, form ; colour, hiwen sn. household. hiwisclice familiarly, intimately, hiwscipe sm. family, hleapan red. v. leap. hlidian wv. furnish with a lid. hlinian wv. incline. hlisa wm. report, rumour, hlodian wv. plunder, hlud loud. hluttor clear, limpid, bright, hluttorlice clearly. hlydan wv. make a loud noise, shout. hoc sm. hook. hole, see hebban. hogode, see hycgan. gehradian wv. hasten, expedite, hraedlice swiftly, hrsegl sn. garment. hran sm. small whale. hrade quickly. hreof leprous, hreofl sf. scab, leprosy, hreones sf. roughness (weather) ; severity. hreosan sv2 fall ; be ruined, gehreosan sv2 collapse. hreow sf. repentance, hreowlice miserably, hrinan svl touch; attack, gehrinenes sf. touch, hrof sm. roof. Hrolesceaster Rochester. VOCABULARY 81 gehror sn. ruin. gehroren, see hreosan. hu how. huhwega, huhwugu about, ap- proximately. bund hundred. hundnigontig ninety. hundseofontig seventy. hundteontig hundred. hungor sm. hunger, famine. huntaj? sm. hunting. huntung sf. hunting. hus_sn. house. hwj§r_where. gehwaer everywhere. hwiete sm. wheat. hwast what ; anything ; excl. lo ! behold ! I say ! hwaethwugu something ; about, approximately. hwaeQer whether. gehwaeder each (of two). hwae9re nevertheless. hwanon whence. hwelc which, what ; any ; swa hwelc . . . swa, whatsoever. gehwelc each. hwelchwugu some. hwene adv. a little, somewhat. hweorfan sv3 intrans. return. hwierfan wv. turn; convert, pervert. gehwierfednes sf. conversion. nwil sf. time, hour. hwilum sometimes. hwilwendlic temporary. hwit white. hwitel sm. rug, blanket. hwon adv. a little. hwon instr. of hwaet. hwonne conj. until. hwurle, see hweorfan. hycgan wv. purpose. hydan wv. hide. hyht sf. hope. hyhtan wv. hope. hydan wv. plunder, ravage. id. Idel useless, vain ; empty. le d. s. of ea. legland sn. island. ieldan wv. delay. ieldenn sf. delay ; respite. ieldest superl. of eald. ieldra compar. of eald. ieldran parents. ieldo sf. age ; old age. ieldung sf. delay. ierfeweard sm. successor. ierg]?o sf. slackness, cowardice. ierman wv. ill-treat, harass. ierm5o sf. wretchedness, misery. iernan «v3 run ; flow ; spring. ierre sf. anger. ierre angry. ier}? sf. crop, harvest. lej? compar. of ea5e. iewan wv. show, reveal. ilca same. ineoden see ingan. ingan ath. v. enter. ingang sm. entrance. ingehygd sf. mind, intention. inlic inward. innan, inn(e) adv. inside, in. inneweard inward, inside. innoj? sm. internal organs. instaspe sm. entrance; sona instsepe, immediately, intinga wm. cause, reason; cause of complaint; affair, matter, inweardllce earnestly, deeply. Is sn. ice. isen sn. iron, isengeloma wm. iron implement. la excl. lo ! often not transl. lac sn. gift. lacnian wv. treat, dress (wound), lace sm. physician. l&cedom sm. remedy, medicine, laedan wv. lead, bring. Laedenisc Latin. laeran wv. teach, gelarednes sf. learning, skill, las less ; }?y laes, lest. laes sf. pasture, laissa smaller, laest smallest, least, laestan wv. carry out, perform. Laestinga ea Lastingham in N. _ Yorkshire. laetan red. v. let, allow. VOCABULARY ladian wv. excuse. laestan wv. perform. liewede lay (man). laf sf. remnant. landbegenga wm. inhabitant. landflerd sf. land journey. landleode pi. people, natives. landgemaere sn. territory. lang long. lareow sm. teacher. lareowdom sm. office of teacher. latteow sm. leader. la]? hostile; injurious. laj> sn. disgust. geladian wv. invite. ladlic repulsive, horrible. lead sn. lead (metal). leaf sn. leaf. geleafa wm. belief, faith. geleaffull credible. leaf aes sf. permission. geleafsum faithful. leahtor sm. vice. leahtorfull vicious. lean sv6 blame. leas false. leasnes falseness, deception. leasung sf. falsehood. leger sn. lying (in bed). leng compar. adv. longer. lenge sf. length. lengra compar. of lang. geleod sm. fellow-countryman. leode pi. people. leol dear, beloved. leolaj), see libban. leofllce gladly. leoht adj. light, bright; easy. leoht sn. light, brightness. leornere sm. learner, student. geleornian wv. learn. leornung sf. learning, study. leornungcniht, leornungmann sm. student, disciple. let, see IJetan. libban wv. live. He sn. body, gelic adj. like. licgan sv5 lie. Hchama wm. body. Hchamlic bodily, gellcian wv. used impers. please. lictun sm. grave-yard. geliefan wv. believe. liefnes sf. permission. lieg sm. flame. HI sn. life. linende, see libban. ligej), see licgan. lihtan wv. alight. lim sn. limb. limpan sv3 matter, concern. gelimpan sv3 come to pass. Lindesse Lindsey. Lindisfarena ea Lindisfarne. linen of linen. gelise sn study. lij>, see licgan. Hdan svl journey, sail. loc sn. lock ; dungeon. locc sm. lock of hair. locian wv. look. lol sn. praise. lolsang sm. song of praise; musical service, gelomlic frequent. lufian wv. love. lulu sf. love. Lundenburg London. Lundenceaster London, lust sm. desire. lustlullian wv. enjoy, rejoice in. gelustlulllce gladly. lustlice gladly. lylt sf. air, sky; in pi. climate, lyltadl sf. paralysis lyge sm. lying, falsehood, lytesna almost. ma adv. more; J>on ma, any more. gemaca wm. companion. maeg pst. pres. v. can. maeg sm. kinsman. maegen sn. strength, power; miracle. mieg}? */. tribe, people. maBgwlite sm. form, appearance. msel sn. crucifix. gemieno common, united. gemienelice in common, unitedly. gemaensumian wv. impart, share. maran wv. make known, pro- claim. VOCABULARY 83 masre famous. gemsere sn. boundary, territory. msersian wv. declare ; celebrate. mJersung sf. celebration. maesse wf. mass. maessepreost sm. mass-priest. maessesang sm. singing of the mass. masst superl. of micel. mate small, mage wf. kinswoman, magister sm. teacher. Mailros Melrose. man indef. pron. one, people; often rendered by passive. geman pst. pres. v. remember, mandaed sf. sin, crime, manful! sinful, mangenga wm. evildoer, manian wv. exhort, prompt, manig many, mann sm. man. manna wm. man. manncwield sm. destruction of life, mortality. mannian wv. furnish with men, to staff. manpwaere gentle, kind. manjjwaernes sf. gentleness. manung sf. exhortation, mara, compar. of micel. martyr sm. martyr, mawan red. v. mow. meaht sf. might, power., meahte see maeg. mearcian wv. mark. med sf. reward, medeme suitable, due. medmicel moderate, small, gemengan wv. join, menigeo sf . multiude. mennisc human, menniscnes sf. incarnation, meolc sf. milk, meos sm. moss. meregreota= meregrota wm. pearl, mereswln sn. sea-pig, porpoise, mergenne, see niorgen. gemet sn. measure, degree; tenour. me tan wv. meet; meet with, mete sm. food. metercraeft sm. versification. gemetfaest moderate. gemettaestnes sf. moderation, modesty. metton, see metan. micel great, much. micle adv. much. miclian wv. increase. mid with; mid )?y, when. midd adj. middle. middangeard sm. earth, world. middel sm. middle. Mierce pi. Mercians. miere wf. mare. miht, see meaht. mil sf. mile. milde mild, gentle. mildheort kindhearted. mildheortnes sf. kindheartedness. mercy. miltsian wv. make gentle; have mercy. min gen. of ic; also poss. adj. mine. missenlic various. midan svl used impers. be con- cealed, escape notice. mod sn. mind ; heart. molde wf. earth, soil. mona]? sm. month. mor sm. moor. morgen sm. morning. gemot sn. meeting. mot pst. pres. v. may; moste, might. gemunde, see geman. munuc sm. monk. munucgegierela wm. monk's dress. munuchad sm. monastic state. munucllf sn. monastic life. muscle sf. mussel. muj) sm. mouth. gemynd sfn. memory. gemynddaeg sm. commemoration day, festival. gemyndelic memorable, note- worthy. gemyndgian wv. mention. myndgung sf. remembrance, recollection. gymyndig, mindful. 84 VOCABULAEY gemyndwierSe adj. worthy of being remembered, gemyne, see geman. mynster sn. monastery. mynsterlic monasterial. myntan wv. intend, propose. naeddre wf. snake. n»lre never. naenig no, none; nsenige J>inga, in no wise. naes = ne wses. nahwaeQer neither. nahwier nowhere. nallass not ; nalses ]?aet an fast . . . ac swelce eac, not only . . . but also. nama wm. name. namon, see niman. nauht nothing; not. neah near; nearly. neahnunnmynster sn. neighbour- ing convent. nealsecean wv. approach. nearones sf. limited space, cramped position. nearrum, see neah. nearu narrow, limited. neat sn. ox. neawist sm. nearness, proximity. nela wm, nephew. nellan ath. v. not to be willing, refuse. nemnan wv. name. nemne unless, except. neodlice eagerly, zealously. neosian wv. visit. neowolnes sf. depth, abyss. nerian wv. rescue, save. nied s/. necessity. niedan wv. compel ; necessitate. geniededlic compulsory. niedling sm. slave. nied)?earf sf. need, necessity. medj>earflic, necessary. niehst superl. of neah, nearest, ^next; last; set niehstan, at last. nift sf. niece. nigon nine. niht sf. night; nihtes, by night. nihtlic occurring at night. niman st;4 take. nis is not. nidei downwards. niderung sf. humiliation. nlwan recently. mwe new. no not. genog sufficiently, quite. nolde, see nellan. nor}? north. nordan from the north. Noraanhymbre Northumbrians. norpdael sm. northern region. norpeastrodor sm. north-east quarter of the sky. nor]?folc sn. northern peopla norpleod sf. northern people, norpportic sm. north porch, nu now. genyhtsum abundant, genyhtsumian wv. suffice ; abound, genyhtsumnes sf. abundance, nytt sf. use, profit, nytt profitable, advantageous, nyttnes sf. profit, advantage. of from; concerning. ofer sm. bank, shore. Oler_over; after; against. olerjet_sm. gluttony. oferbraedan wv. overspread. ofercumend prevailing. oferfaran sv& cross over. oferfernes sf. crossing, ford. ofergangan red. v. cross over. olerhleapan red. v. leap over. oferhygd sf. arrogance, pride. oferniman su4 overcome, coun- teract. oferstiellan wv. leap over. oferswISan wk. v. and svl over- come, surpass; prevail upon, olerweorpan sv3 throw over. oierwinnan sv3 overcome. offiellan wv. destroy. ofostlice hastily. ofscinan svl shine from. olslean sv6 slay. olt_ often. onselan wv. kindle, light; excite. onbsernan wv. set fire to. onbeodan sv2 announce. onbryrdan wv. inspire. VOCABULARY onbryrdnes sf. inspiration. oncierran wv. turn. oncnawan red. v. perceive, under- stand. ondrsedan red. v. dread, fear. oneardian wv. inhabit. onleng, see onion. onion redv. receive. ongang sm. worship. ongean opposite; ongean J?on, conversely. ongietan sv5 perceive, under- stand. ongietennes sf. perception, under- standing. onginnan sv3 begin. ongyrdan wv. ungird, unbuckle. onhergian wv. harass, ravage. onhieldan wv. bend down, stoop. onhieran wv. imitate, emulate. onhyrian wv. imitate. onlicnes sf. likeness. onliesan wv. release. onsaBgdnes sf. sacrifice. onscunian wv. shun, avoid; loathe. onsecgan wv. sacrifice. onsendan wv. send. onsettan wv. lay upon. onslsepan red. v. fall asleep. onslean sv& inflict. onstyrian wv. move; agitate. ontimbran wv. instruct, bring up. ontynan wv, open; disclose. onbwean svQ wash. onwaecnan svQ awake. onweg away. onweggewitennes sf. departure. onwendan wv. turn, change. onwinnan st?3 make war on. onwoc, see onwaecnan. onwreon svl open ; reveal. onwrigennes sf. revelation. open, open. openian wv. reveal, announce. openlice openly, publicly. ora wm. ore. ordfruma wm. originator. Ob until; up to. Oder other; on o5erre healfre mile, a mile and a half. obgripan svl wrest away. obbaet until. o})J?e or. papa wm. pope. Peohtas pi. Picts. plega wm. sport, plegian wv. play, jest, prafost sm. prior. preost sm. priest, preosthad sm. priesthood. ra wm. roebuck. raed sm. counsel, advice; plan. rJedan wv. take counsel; read. geraedan wv. arrange. raefter sm. rafter. Rjegeheafod Gateshead. raeran wv. rear, erect. r»san wv. rush. r ass wan wv. conjecture. rana g. pi. of ra. rap sm. rope, cord. readnes sf. redness. gerec sn. government, authority. rec sm. smoke. reccean wv. rule, administer. reccend governor. receleas negligent. gerecennes sf. interpretation. recenost superl.adv. most speedily. regn sm. rain. regollic monastic. regolweard sm. director. gereord sn. meal, food. gereord sfn. speech. gereordnes sf. feast. reliqium, reliquias relics. reowe wf. blanket. rest sf. rest. restan wv. rest, repose. rede fierce, savage. rice sn. rule ; kingdom. rice powerful, influential. ricsian wv. rule. ridan svl ride. riht sn. right; on rihte, rightly, correctly. rihtan wv. rule, direct, rihtlice rightly, correctly, rihtgelieled orthodox. rim sn. number, riman wv. enumerate. 86 VOCABULARY Rin Rhine, rinan svl rain, ripe ripe, risan svl rise. risan svl tear; take away, gerisan svl be fit. gerisenlic suitable, gerisenlice suitably, properly, gerisne proper, suitable. r6d sf. cross. Romaburg sf. Rome. Romanise Roman. Romware pi. Romans, rum spacious. lumgiefa generous. run sf. secret, charm, geryne sn. mystery. sacerd sm. priest, sacerdhad sn. priesthood. S3d smf. sea. SJed sn. seed, saegde, see secgan. saelic marine. geSffilig fortunate, prosperous, gesaelignes sf. happiness, saene sluggish, inert. sat, sieton, see sittan. saetung sf. plot, treachery, ssewiht sf. sea-creature. saga, saga}?, see secgan. salm sm. psalm, gesamnian wv. assemble, collect, gesamnung sf. assembly, com- munity. samod together; in addition, sanct sm. saint. sang sm. singing, song. Bar sn. pain. sargian wv. sorrow, grieve, sarlic grievous, sad. sawan red. v. sow. sawol sf. soul, sawon, see seon. scalan svQ shave, slice, scafopa wm. shaving. scaru sf. tonsure. gesceait fn. creature ; creation, sceal pst. pres. v. shall, must. sceap sn. sheep, scearp sharp, keen. sceat sm., sceata wm. piece of cloth, napkin. sceawian wv. look at, view, gesceawian wv. show. sceawung sf. regard, sceotan sv2 shoot. sce59an svQ and wk. injure, gescieldan wv. shield, protect, gescieldnes sf. protection. scieppan sv6 create, scieppend sm. creator. gescierped pp. sharpened, excited, sciete sf. sheet, cloth. scima wm. brilliance, splendour, scman svl shine. scip sn. ship. scipen sf. stall, space for cattle, sciphere sm. naval force, fleet, sciplad sf. voyage. scipmann sm. sailor. SCSI sf. school. Scott Scot (an Irish race), gescrepe suitable, fit. scuwa wm. shadow. scurf sm. scurf. scylen, see sceal. scyld sf. guilt; sin. scyldig guilty. scyndan wv. hurry, hasten. Scyttisc Irish, se that, the; se, he; se J>e, who, which. seald, see sellan. sealmsang sm. psalm-singing, sealtsea]? sm. salt-spring. searu sm. device, stratagem, sea}?, sm. pit, hole. Seaxe Saxons. secean wv. seek, seek out, visit, secgan wv. say. segen g/. statement, story, gesegen, see seon. gesegnian wv. make sign of cross, bless. sel compar. adv. better, seldan seldom. sell self ; very. sellan wv. give, selest superl. adv. best, semninga suddenly. sendan wv. send; put, cast, seoflan wv. sigh; lament. VOCABULARY 8T seolon seven. Seoio3a seventh. seolfor sn. silver. seolforfaet sn. silver vessel. seollren of silver. seolh sm. seal (animal). seon sv5 see. seow, see sawan. setl sn. seat ; abode, dwelling. settan wv. place; expose. gesettan wv. direct, train; put together, set (fracture). sedan wv. prove, confirm, gesewen pp. of seon; me is gesewen, seems to me. gesewenlic visible. sibb sf. peace, side wf. side, sie, see beon. sierwan wv. plot, plan, siexta sixth, siextiene sixteen, siextig sixty. Sige sm. victory, sigebeacn sn. trophy, monument, sigefaest victorious. sigefeoht sn. victorious campaign, sigel sn. brooch, jewel. gesihj? sf. vision, apparition, simle continually, always. sind, sindon, see beon. singal continuous, lasting, singan si?3 sing, chant, sinop sm. synod. sittan sv5 sit. gesittan sv5 settle in. sip sm. time. geslj? sm. retainer, royal officer, sijjfast sn. journey. sij)j?an adv. and conj. afterwards, after, since, slaepan red. v. sleep. Slean svQ strike, smite ; kill ; slog tacn, made a signal, geslean sv& sige geslogon, won a victory. Siege sm. murder, slide sm, slip, fall. slob. sn. slough, mire, smael small. smeagean wv. meditate, ponder, smede flat, level. smolt gentle, mild. smoltnes sf. calm, tranquillity. smyltnes sf. calm, quiet. snaw sm. snow. snican svl creep, crawl. snide sm. incision. sniwan svl snow. snyttro sf. prudence, wisdom. son sm. sound. sona immediately, soon; sona swa, as soon as. SOrgian wv. sorrow, grieve. S6J) true, real. SO ? sn. truth, fact. s6}?faBSt truthful, righteous, sojrtaestnes sf. truthfulness, truth. S6]?lice truly, indeed, spanan svQ attract, induce, spearca wm. spark, spearwa wm. sparrow, spell sn. story, account, spere sn. spear, spiwan svl spit, vomit, spon sm. shaving, chip, sprjec sf. speech, gesprec sn. speaking, discussion, sprecan sv5 speak. stasf sm. letter (of alphabet); staf as, words, writing. stsenen of stone. staeppan sv 6 step, go. stJer sn. history. gestaeddig sedate, serious. Stan sm. stone, gestandan svQ stand still ; attack, assail. staniht stony. Steall sm. state; institution, gesteall sn. condition. stefn sf. voice, steda wm. steed. stenc sm. stench; perfume. stician wv. stab, lance; stick, stiellan wv. leap. stieran wv. guide, govern. Stigan sf 1 rise, ascend. Stige sf. path ; direction. stiht(i)an wv. arrange, stillan wv. calm, alleviate; grow calm. stille quiet, silent, stilnes sf. quiet, repose. 88 VOCABULARY gestincan sv3 smell. stodhors sn. stud-horse, stallion. Stop, see staeppan. stow sf. place. street sf. (paved) road. strangian wv. strengthen. Stranglice severely. Stream sm. river. streccean wv. stretch. Strengjm sf. strength. stregdan sv3 strew. gestnenan wv. acquire. Btriend sm. stock, strain. gestrod sn. plunder. studu «/ post. styccemgelum gradually. styrenes sf. movement. Btyrman wv. storm, rage. subdiacon sm. subdeacon. Bum some; one. sumor sm. summer. sunbeam sm. sunbeam. gesund uninjured. Bundgian wv. trans, prosper. sundorland sn. private land. sunne wf. sun. sup south. supdail sm. southern part or region. supfolc sn. southern people. Supseaxe South Saxons. swa so ; as ; where. Bwa hwelc swa whoever. swsesendu sn. pi. food, repast, swangor sluggish, dull. swapan red. v. sweep, rush, sweart dark, black. swelc such. swelce as if, as it were, swelce eac likewise; also. Bweltan sv3 die, perish. swencean wv. trouble, afflict. geswencnes sf. affliction. sweora wm. neck, sweorcan sv3 grow gloomy or sad. sweord sn. sword. Bweostor sf. sister. sweostorsunu sm. nephew. sweotol clear, manifest. sweotollice clearly, manifestly, flwete sweet; beloved. swetnes */. sweetness, swigian wv. grow or be silent, swingan svS beat, strike, swingell sf. beating. swide strongly ; very, exceedingly. swI9e, strong, violent. SWiSor rather. swidost most of all, especially, swipstrieme with strong current, swulton, see sweltan. swyle sm. swelling, tumour, symbel sn. feast, festival. symbelnes sf. festival, celebra- tion. symblan wv. feast, synderlice specially. syndrig special, separate, syndriglic individual, special, synn sf. sin. gesynto sf. welfare ; privilege. tabul sm. table. tacn sn. sign, token; signal. tacnung sf. token. getaecnan wv. indicate, betoken. tsecean wv. point out; teach. talian wv. reckon. tan sm. twig. tawian wv. prepare, work (land). tear sm. tear. tela adv. well ; tela ne wiste, was not in his right mind, telg sm. dye. geteld sn. tent. tellan wv. reckon. Temese Thames. teon sv2 draw, lead, teon wv. arrange. teo8a tenth. tid sf. hour; time, tidlice seasonably. tien ten. tilian wv. aim at, strive after, timbran wv. build, timbrian wv. build, getimbre sn. edifice, structure. Tine river Tyne. tintreg sn. torment, torture, tintregian wv. torment, torture, tip sf. grant, gift. tidian wv. grant; consent. t6 to ; from. VOCABULAEY 89 tdaetiecan wv. make addition, add. tobrecan svaer adv. and conj. there; where; w. subj. = wherever, if. J>aet pron. and conj. what; that. Jjaette (J?aet ]?e) that which, what, gepafian wv. consent to, approve, gepafung sf. consent, approval. ?anon thence. ?anc sm. thanks. ?anclull satisfied. jancweorjjlice gratefully. ?e inded. rel. pron. who, which. ?e or. ?eah adv. nevertheless, however ; conj. though. gepeaht sfn. deliberation ; counsel. ~>eahtere sm. counsellor. ?eahtian wv. deliberate. ?earl sf. need, necessity, want. ?earfa wm. poor man. jearfendnes sf. poverty. jearfian wv. suffer need or want. ?earlw!s severe. ?eaw sm. mental quality ; virtue ; custom, usage. J?egn sm. servant ; official ; officer, pegnian wv. serve. fegnung, penung sf. ministry, office. J)§od sf. people, nation. PJ?eod sf. language. odland sn. national or public land. peodnes sf. junction, suture, peodscipe sm. community. ge]?eon svl prosper. feos, see J)es. 90 VOCABULARY peostrian wv. grow dark, dim. peow sm. slave, servant. peowdom sm. servitude, subjec- tion. >eowdomhad sm. service. ?eowe wf. female servant, peowhad sm. service. ;eowian wv. serve. ?es this. ?icc thick, dense, ncgan sv5 partake of. }ider thither. nedan wv. join, annex, nestre dark. nestro fpl. darkness. no. thy, thine. ignenn,pmenn sf. maid-servant, ring sn. thing; eenige pinga, in any way, at all. pingian wv. plead, intercede, gepingp sf. dignity, rank, pingung sf. intercession, gepoht sm. thought. pon instr. of pact ; to pon, to such a degree, so. ponne adv. and conj. then, there- fore ; when ; than, praestan wv. twist, wrench, convulse. rag sf. time, space of time. reat sm. band, group. reo see prie. ridaeglic lasting three days. ridda third, me three. jrim, see prie. mstian_wu. dare, presume, rejmstlsecan wv. presume, mtigoda thirtieth. rittig thirty. mwa thrice. )riwintre three years of age. >rosm sm. vapour, smoke. >rowian wv. suffer. >rowung sf. suffering, martyr- dom. })ruh sf. trough, coffin, pry ocean wk. v. crush, press ; harass. J)u thou. gepuht pp. of Jjyncean. puma wm. thumb. gepungen pp. of peon, distin- guished. purh through ; purh eall, entirely, purhfleon sv2 fly through. purhteon sv2 carry through; accomplish. ?usend thousand. ?weal sm. washing. ?wean svQ wash. ?weores crosswise, transversely. >weorh perverse; on pweorh, perversely, wrongly. pwoh, see pwean. py instr. of paet. Used with compar. = the ; mid py, when, after; py laes, lest. gepyldellce^gepyldiglice patiently, pyncean wi, seem, pynne thin, pyslic such. ufan from above, down, ulanweard above; topmost, uferra comp. upper, uhtlic of early morning, of matins. uhtsang sm. matins. unadWcesced unquenchable, unaliefednes sf. unlawful conduct, unaraefnedlic unendurable. unasSele not noble, common, ungebrosnod undecayed. uncer belonging to us two. unclaene unclean, impure, ungecost reprobate, bad. lineup unknown. uncyme not handsome, inferior, undeaplicnes sf. immortality, underfon red. v. receive, underhmgan svl submit to, undergo, underntld sf. third hour, nine o'clock in the morning, underpeodnes sf. subjection, underpiedan wv. subject. uneade with difficulty. unfeorr not far. ungeara not long ago. ungeendod endless, infinite, ungehrinen untouched, uninjured. ungelJered unlearned, ignorant. ungeleafsum unbelieving. VOCABULAKY 91 ungelic unlike. ungiemend careless, heedless. ungleawnes sf. stupidity. unhal morbid. unhiersumnes sf. disobedience. unmaBte excessive. unnyt useless. unoferswidendlic unconquerable. ungerisen unfitting. unriht wrong, erroneous. unrlm countless. unrot _sad. ungesffllig miserable, unhappy. unscearpnes sf. dulness. unsceddend harmless, innocent. ungescrepe unsuitable. unstillnes sf. disturbance, agita- tion. unsyfernes sf. impurity. untrumnes sf. infirmity, disease. ungej?waernes sf. discord, hostility. unwaerlice heedlessly. ungewemmed uninjured. ungewened unexpected. unwierde unworthy. ungewittig mad, delirious. nnwlitig not beautiful, hideous. unwriten unwritten. up up_, upwards. upastigan svl ascend. upgang am. rising. uplic high, heavenly. upryne sm. rising, beginning. ure our. utagangan red. v. go out. ute outside. uterra compar. outer, external. utwaepnedmann sm. man living outside. wacian wv. wake, be awake, waecan wv. weaken. waeccan wv. be awake. waecce wf. vigil. waedelnes sf. destitution. waedla destitute, deficient, waelersien sf. spectacle. waegn sm. carriage, cart. wael 57i. carnage, slaughter. wselgrimm bloodthirsty, cruel, waalhreownes sf. ferocity, cruelty, wajpen sn. weapon. wapnedcynn sn. male line, wsepnedmann sm. warrior; man, as contrasted with woman, wsere sf. covenant, agreement, waestm sm. fruit produce ; profit. waestmbJernes sf. fertility. waestmberend fruitful, fertile, waste sf. liquid, water sn. water, wafung sf. amazement, wag sm, wall, waia alas. wana wm. want, lack; anes wana J>rittigum, twenty-nine. wanung sf. diminution, loss, waroj? 57i. shore. wascan red. v. wash. wat ps t. pres. v. know, watol sn. wattle ; roofing, geweald sn. power, wealhstod sm. interpreter, weall sm. rampart, wall. weallan red. v. boil, seethe. Wealle Walbottle. wealwian wv. roll, wearnian wv. warn, gewearnian wv. guard against, weaxan red. v. grow. wecg sm. lump, mass, wedan wv.be or grow mad, rave, wedenheortnes sf. raving, wefan sv5 weave. weg sm. way. wegan sv5 bear, carry, wel well ; quite ; wel neah, almost, welig rich, weligian wv. enrich, wen sf. expectation, prospect, wenan wv. think ; expect, weolod sn. altar, weolocread whelk-red, i.e. dyed red with murex dye. weolocsciell sf. shellfish, whelk. weorc sn. act, deed, work; effect, working ; pain. weorcnes sf. performance. weorod, werod sn. troop, weorpan sv3 throw. weor3an sv3 become j be. VOCABULARY geweordan sv3 come to pass. weordian wv. honour, distinguish, celebrate. weor)? Sri. price. weorj?mynd sm. honour. weoruld sf. world. weoruldcund worldly, temporal. weoruldmann sm. layman. weoruldpearl sf. worldly need, bodily need. weoruldgewrit sn. temporal writ- ing. wepan red. v. weep. wer sm. man; husband; hero. werian wv. defend. werigian wv. grow weary. werignes sf. weariness, fatigue. werod sn. host, army. wesan ath. v. be. westan from the west. westdael sm. western region. weste uninhabited, desolate. westenn sn. wilderness. westrihte due west. westsse sm. western sea. Westseaxe West Saxons. Wlc sn. dwelling. wicdaeg sm. week-day. Wide widely, far and wide. wiell sm.} wiella wm., wielle wf. spring; source. wiellspring sm. spring, well. wielm sm. boiling; indignation. wierdan wv. destroy. gewierdlan wv. injure. wiergcwedol cursing, grumbling. wierig accursed. wierman wv warm. wierming sf. warming. wierpan wv. recover (health). wierj), see weordan. wierde worth ; worthy ; valued. wierjmes sf. worth, value. Wlf sn. woman; wife. wiflan wv. marry. wllcynn sn. female line. wlftiad sm. female sex. wifmann sm. woman. wiga wm. fighter, warrior. wigbeod, see weofod. Wiht sf. thing, whit. Wiht Isle of Wight. Wihtsaeta inhabitant of Isle of Wight. wilder sn. wild beast. willa wm. will, desire, willan ath. v. will, willung sf. desire, wilnian wv. desire, wilslp sm. favourable journey, wilsum desirable, agreeable, wilsumlic willing, voluntary ; acceptable, wilsumnes sf. desire, ambition, alacrity. windan s-u3 wind, twist, gewinde blowing (of the wind) . wmgeard sm. vineyard, gewinn sn. strife; labour, effort; hardship. gewinna wm. adversary, winnan st>3 fight, struggle. gewinnfull toilsome, gewinnfullic laborious, difficult, winstre wk. fern. adj. left (hand). Wintaceaster Winchester, winter sm. winter, wintertid sf. winter time, wise wf. thing, matter; manner, fashion. wislic wise, prudent, wiste, wiston, see wat. wit we two. wita wm. wise man; counsellor, witan, see wat. gewitan pst. pres. v. learn, gewltan svl depart, wlte sn. punishment, witedom sm. prophecy, witeraedenn sf. punishment; be witeraedenne, under a penalty, witnes sf. testimony. witnian wv. punish; torture, wltnung sf. punishment. witon, see wat. wij? against. wipceosan sv2 reject, widerweard conflicting, opposed, contrary. wiSerweardnes sf. obstacle, wijrfeohtend sm. opposer, foe. wipmetennes sf. comparison, wij^sacan svQ renounce, refuse. wiJ7SCufan sv2 avert, oppose. VOCABULARY wipstandan -n'6 withstand, pre- vent. wij> J?on }?e on condition that. wipwinnan st>3 resist. gewitt 57i. understanding. wlite am. beauty. wlitig beautiful. WOl STTi. pestilence. wolberend pestilential. geworden, see weorSan. geworht, see wyrcean. woruld, see weoruld. wraec 571. misery; punishment. wreccea wm. exile. wre5ian wv. prop, support. gewrit sn. writing, letter; litera- ture. writan svl write. wriaan svl bind up. wrixendlice alternately. gewrixl sn. substitute, exchange. wuce, wice wf. week. wudu sm. wood, forest. wuldor sn. glory. wuldorlic glorious. WUll 5771. Wolf. gewuna wm. custom; adj. accus- tomed. wund sf. wound. wundor 571. wonder; miracle, wundorlic wonderful, wundrian wv. wonder. gewunelic habitual. wunenes sf. dwelling, abode. wunian wv. dwell, live, gewunian wv. be accustomed, wyllen woollen, wynsum agreeable. wynsumian wv. take pleasure, rejoice. wyrcnes sf. performance, wyrcean wv. make, construct; do. gewyrhty be gewyrhtum(-e), deservedly; for good reason, wyrm sm. reptile, snake. wyrt sf. plant. wyrtruma wm. root, stock. yfel adj. and sb. bad, evil. ymb around ; about ; concerning, ymbaernan wv. overrun. ymbhwyrlt sm. circumference. ymbsellan wv. surround. ymbset 571. siege. ymbsettan wv. surround; )>set ymbsette folc, the neighbour- ing people. ymbstandan svG stand round. ymbswapan red. v. sweep, rush round. ymbutan round about. yppan wv. bring out, disclose. ysle wf. ashes. yj? sf. wave. ytemest superl. outermost, last. ABBREVIATIONS. aih. = athematic (anomalous). /. = feminine. m. = masculine. «.= neuter. pp. = past participle. pst. =past. red. = reduplicating. 5. = strong. v. = verb. w. =weak. 94 O.E. ACCIDENCE SKELETON OUTLINE OF O.E. ACCIDENCE The grammar of a language may be written according to one of two methods, either the practical or the scientific. The practical method groups the words capable of inflection in a convenient way with a view to simplifying the acquisition of the language whether for reading, writing or speaking. It gives 'rules,' and notes 'exceptions,' which it does not attempt to explain. Such grammars are in general use for learning modern languages. The scientific grammar deals with the language for its own sake, and treats it as a member of a speech family. Its methods are comparative and historical ; and it seeks to account for every apparent anomaly or irregularity. This kind of grammar is not suited for the learner of Old English, but is indispensable for the more advanced student of English philology. Below is given a condensed Bummary of O.E. inflections which, it is hoped, will help the learner to decline any noun, pronoun or adjective, and to conjugate any verb met with in the course of his reading. PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS. The ' stem ' of a word is that part which remains when the inflection is removed. Thus the stems of Jrernman, dagas, dcege, tyn, deed are respectively fremm-, dag-, dceg-, ty-, deed-. A stem may be short or long. It is short if it has a short vowel followed by one consonant, e.g. dag-. It is long if it contains (a) a long vowel, e.g. dcel- of dcelan, or (6) a short vowel followed by two or more consonants, e.g. fcest- of fcestan; efst- of efstan. In many words the stem-vowel has resulted from the modification of the original vowel due to the influence of the palatal vowel i or the vowel-consonant (voiced palatal spirant) j in the following syllable. This modification is called i (j) ' umlaut ' or ' mutation.' Thus the e of bee is the modification of o in an earlier form *boki-, the * disappearing and the k being written c. ' Breaking ' is the name given to the process by which an early a or e appear respectively as ea or eo before ' guttural ' h, or I + consonant, or r + consonant. Thus eahta is for earlier ahta, eald for old, earm for arm, etc. NOUNS. Nouns are of three genders. Each noun has two numbers and four cases. The dative plural ending is the same for all nouns. Masculine and neuter nouns have one and the same ending for the genitive singular, and one and the same ending for the dative singular. Nouns are divided according to their inflections into ' strong ' and ' weak.' O.E. ACCIDENCE 95 I. STRONG NOUNS. Masculines. Neuters. N. beam A. beam ende deofol ende deofol a G. beames endes deofles j-j D. beame ende deofle j N. beamas endas deoflas 2 A. beamas endas deoflas P G. beama enda deofla PM D. beamum endum deoflum ban god wite waster fast daeg ban god wite waster fast daeges banes godes wites waeteres faetes daege bane gode wite waetere faate dagas ban godu witu waster fatu dagas ban godu witu waster fatu daga bana goda wita waetera fata dagum banum godum witum waeterum fatum Like beam are all monosyllabic long-stem masculines, as : dfy, cniht, ham, storm, stan, etc. Like ende are all dissyllabic and trisyllabic long masculine stems ending in -e, as : hierde, Icece, bocere, cwellere, etc. Masculine short-stem dissyllables ending in -e often remain unchanged in the npm. and ace. plur., as : bryne, dele, cyme, cwide, hryre, lyre, slide, snide, stede, swyle, wine, and others. Like deofol are dryhten, ealdor, engel, finger and a few others. Like dceg are hwcel, pcc$, stcef. Mceg, 'kinsman,' has stem-vowel d in plural. Like ban are all monosyllabic long-stem neuters, as : beam, deor, folct gear, horn, hors, hus, land, leaf, lean, lie, mod, sweord, Iping, word, etc. Like god are all monosyllabic short-stem neuters, as : geoc, hof, hoi, loc. Some short-stem neuters with e or i as stem vowel change the e or * in plur. to eo or io respectively; e.g., gebed; plur. gebeodu, g. gebeoda, d. gebeodum', thus geset, gesprec. Clif sometimes has plur. cliofu, g. cliofa, d. cliofum-, occasionally also geflit, hlid, Urn scip, gewrit* Like wite are all long-stem neuters ending in -e, as : cerende, lerre, rice, stycce, getimbre, gelpeode, etc. Like fcec are bce}>, bleed, fcec, grcef, swaty, \>cec and others. Like wceter are mcegen, weder, werod. ANOMALOUS NOUNS. Masculine. Neuter. Masculine. Masculine, heofon bearu bealu asg sunu feld m6naj> heofon bearu bealu asg sunu feld mona]? heofones bearwes bealwes asges suna felda monies heofone bearwe bealwe age suna felda monbe heofenas bearwas bealu aegru suna felda monab heofenas bearwas bealu asgru suna felda monaj? heofena bearwa bealwa asgra suna felda monj?a heofenum bearwum bealwum asgrum sunum feldum monjjum Like heofon are the masculines hafoc, heorot, rodor, stapol and some others. Like bearu, bealu are cneo and a few others. Like ceg are the neuters did, cealf, lamb. Like sunu are wudu (m.), and duru (f.). Like feld are hand (f.), and sometimes ford, had, sumor, winter and a few others. *This change of stem-vowel is called 'back-vowel umlaut,' otherwise ' t* umlaut ' and ' a/o umlaut.' 96 O.E. ACCIDENCE 2 N. gielu I A. giefe g G. giefe w D. giefe j N. giela 3 A. giefa g G. giefa PL, D. giefum Strong Feminines. bot sawol bote sawle bote sawle bote sawle bota bota bota botum sawla sawla sawla sawlum braedo, u brasde, u, o bra}de, u, o braede, u, o Like giefu are feminine short-stem nouns. Like bot are feminine long-stem nouns. Like brcedo or brcedu are certain abstract feminines in -o or u, such as strengo, bierhto, hwto, ieldo, hcelo, menigeo, snyttro, etc. NOTE. Some monosyllabic strong feminines with long stems do not add -e in the accus. sing., e.g. ben, deed, fierd, JIMS, mint, nied, scyld, tid, win. Niht remains unchanged in nom. and ace. pi. UMLAUT (MUTATION) STEMS. Masc. N. fot A. fot G. fotes D. fet N. fet A. fet G. fota D. fotum Fern, boc boc bee, bdce bee bee bee boca bocum Fern, hnutu hnutu hnute hnyte hnyte hnyte hnuta hnutum Neuter. scrud scrud scrudes scryd scrud scrud scruda scrudum Like fot is to\. Like boc are the ferns. : ac (uml. cec), burg (uml. byrig), cu (uml. cy), gat (umh gcet], gos (uml. ges), mus (uml. mys), turf (uml. tyrf), \ruh (uml. Ipryh), etc. NOUNS OF FAMILY RELATIONSHIP. pj Masculines. Feminines. ^ N. br63or fasder dohtor modor sweostor g A. brodoz f seder dohtor modor sweostor § G. broSor faeder* dohtor modor sweostor OD D. breder fasder dehter meder sweostor A N. broSor* faederas dohtor* modor* sweostor £ A. brodor* faederas dohtor* modor* sweostor P G. br65ra faedera dohtra modra sweostra put D. brodrum fsederum dohtrum modrum sweostrum * Other forms also found are respectively : broSru ; fcederes ; dohtru, dohtra ; modru, modra. O.E. ACCIDENCE 97 II. WEAK NOUNS. pj Masc. Fern. Neuter. N. fruma burne eage A. fruman burnan eage § G. fruman burnan eagan M D. fruman burnan eagan j N. fruman burnan eagan a A. fruman burnan eagan G. frumena burnena eagena t± D. frumum burnum eagum Like fruma are all nouns whatever ending in -a. Like burne are celmesse, asce, cirice, eorQe, heorte, hlcefdige, mcege, miere, molde, naddre, side, sunne, tunge, wcecce, wise. Like eage is eare. ADJECTIVES. Most adjectives have a ' strong ' form and a ' weak ' form. The weak adjective is declined like weak nouns,* and used after a demonstrative or a possessive adjective. It is also employed with the nom. sing, of a noun used as a vocative, without a demonstrative. The adjectives tall, genog, manig and o6er never follow the weak declension. The strong form of the adjective has, in the singular masculine and neuter, an instrumental case, which is often used instead of the dative, especially with prepositions. I. STRONG DECLENSION. M. F. N. M. F. N. « N. trum trumu trum blac blacu bl33C 9 A. trumne trume trum blascne blace blac X G- trumes trumre trumes blaces blaecre blaces g D. trumum trumre trumum blacum blsecre blacum 02 Inst. trume trume blace blace ij N. trume truma trumu blace blaca blacu d A. trume truma trumu blace blaca blacu 1 G- trumra trumra trumra blaecra blaecra blaecra £ D. trumum trumum trumum blacum blacum blacum tf N- blac blac blac heah hea heah 3 A- blacne blace blac hean(n)e hea heah P G. blaces blacre blaces heas hear(r)e heas ID! blacum blacre blacum hea(u)m hear(r)e hea(u)m 02 Inst . blace blace hea hea ,4 N. blace blaca blac hea hea hea 3 A. blace blaca blac hea hea hea 1 G- blacra blacra blacra hear (r) a hear(r)a hear(r)a & D. blacum blacum blacum hea(u)m hea(u)m hea(u)m * Except g.pl. 98 O.E. ACCIDENCE Like trum are monosyllabic short-stems, also adjectives ending in -lie and -sum. Like blcec are glced, beer, hwcet, lost, smcel, WORT (ce retained in inflected cases only before two consonants). Like bide are mono- syllabic long-stems, such as blind, beorht, rum, etc. Like heah are fdh, hreoh, neah, $weorh, woh. M. F. N. M. F. N. rt- N. bliae blidu bliae gearu gearu gearu < A. blI3ne blI3e bliae gearone gearwe gearu g G. bliaes blidre bliaes gearwes gearore gearwes & D. bliaum blidre bliaum gearwum gearore gearwum OQ Inst. blI3e bliae gearwe gearwe j N. bliae bllda blidu gearwe gearwa gearu J3 A. blI3e blida blidu gearwe gearwa gearu g G. bliara £ D. bliaum blidra blidum bliara bliaum gearora gearwum gearora gearwum gearora gearwum Like blide are all long-stem adjectives ending in -e, such as clcene, diere, frecne, gemcene, gifre, grene, ierre, lide, mcere, manfywcere, milde, niwe, riQe, rice, smede, smylte, swete, Tpiestre, weste, wieroe, wilde, etc. Like gearu are fealu, geolu, nearu. M. F. N. M. F. N. rt- N. manig manig manig cristen cristenu cristen < A. manigne manige manig cristenne cristne cristen g G. maniges manigre maniges cristnes cristenre cristnes § D. manigun? manigre manigum cristnum cristenre cristnum 02 Inst. manige _?<_ ^manige cristne cristne ^ N. manige maniga manig cristne cristna cristenu £S A. manige maniga manig cristne cristna cristenu P G. manigra manigra manigra cristenra cristenra cristenra pi, D. manigum manigum manigum cristnum cristnum cristnum Like manig are bysig, fcegen, fceger, micel, nacod, open, sweotol, yfel, and some others1 But exceptions often occur. Like cristen are dgen, bitter, gylden, hceden, hdlig, hluttor, idel, lytel, oQer, snottor, and others. Exceptions, however, occur. M. F. II. WEAK DECLENSION. N M. F. N N. truma trume trume .N. truman truman truznan d A. truman truman trume g A. truman truman truman % G. truman truman truman ^ G. trumra trumra trumra 00 D. truman truman truman " D. trumum trumum trumum COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES. The comparative ends -ra (masc.) -re (fern, and neut.) ; the superlative ends in -st (in most cases -ost). O.E. ACCIDENCE 99 EXAMPLES OF ORDINARY COMPARISON. halig haligra haligost tium trumra trumost glasd glaedra gladost hwaet hwaetra hwatost gearu gearora gearwost The following adjectives change their stem- vowel in the comparative and superlative* ; their superlative ends in -est (but hlehst) : brad braedra braedest heah hierra hlehst eald ieldra ieldest lang lengra lengest feorr fierra fieriest sceort sciertra sciertest geong giengra giengest strang strengra strengest great grietra grietest neah nearra niehst IRREGULAR COMPARISON. god bet(e)ra bet(e)st selra selest selost lytel lae_ssa ij§st micel mara maest ylel wierra wierrest wiersa wierst Some comparative and superlative adjectives have no positive form, but are formed from adverbs or prepositions, and insert m in the superlative before the ending -est. Among these are : sefter aefterra aeftemest fore fyrmest inne innerra innemest midd midmest ufan ulerra yfemest lite uterra ytemest NUMERALS. The cardinal numerals ' two ' and ' three ' are always inflected : M. F. N. M. F. N. N. twegen twa tu (twa) prie }?reo )>reo A. twegen twa tu (twa) prie )>reo preo Jjreora \ al prim / genders. iwfm jallgender, An is declined like a strong adjective; when it means 'alone* it follows the weak declension. Its masculine singular is cenne. The other cardinal numerals are occasionally inflected, the nom. ending in -e, the gen. in -a, the dat. in -urn. * Due to influence of orig. t immediately preceding the r. G. tweg(e)a\ ,, , Jjreora all twegra ) allgenders- 100 O.E. ACCIDENCE PRONOUNS. PERSONAL. « M. F. N. < N. ic bu he heo hit EM A. me be hine hie hit 1 G. min bin his hiere his OQ D. me be him hiere him N. wit git J A. unc inc i G. D. uncer incer unc inc I N. A. G. D. we us ure us ge eow eower eow hie hie hiera him Vail genders. DEMONSTRATIVE. M. F N. • N. se seo >at J> es )eos bis 9 A. bone bfi ?at b isne >as bis P G. bas bare >as > is(s)es >isse bis(s)es O D. bam bare ?aem b isjsjum >isse J7is(s)un OQ Inst if, bon bys j >a 1 bas \ 1 Sra allgenders {*. V all genders fi >am J pissui a ) INTERROGATIVE. M. and F. N. N. hwa hwat A. hwone hwat G. hwaes hwas D. hwasm hwam Inst. hwy, hwon VERBS. There are two main divisions of verbs : ' Strong ' and ' Weak.' In addition, there are four ' anomalous ' or ' athematic ' verbs. The ' principal parts ' of a verb are : infinitive, past indicative 1st singular, past indicative plural, and past participle. I. STRONG VERBS. Strong or 'ablaut' verbs may be divided into (a) Ordinary strong verbs, (6) Reduplicating, (c) Strong-weak or past-present verbs. Some O.E. ACCIDENCE 101 strong verbs show contraction in the infinitive, the final stem-consonant h having been dropped. In West Saxon texts strong verbs, except the strong-weak class, very frequently show i umlaut in the 2nd and 3rd pers. sing, of the pres. indicative where this is possible. These umlaut forms exhibit contraction, due to assimilation and dropping of con- sonants, thus: brucan, brycst, bryc\> ; blodan, bletst, biett; bidan, bitst, bitl; biddan, bitst, bitt, etc. Uncontracted forms do not show umlaut, e.g. brucest, bruce\>. A. ORDINARY STRONG VERBS. There are six classes of these. There are four stems, corresponding to the 'principal parts.' The 2nd pers. sing, of the past indie, has the plural stem. CLASS I. drifan draf drifon drifen snidan snap* snidon* sniden Like drifan are bidan, bitan, gewitan, glidan, ridan, scinan, spiwan, stlgan, swican, wrltan and others. Like sniSan are lidan, scriftan. CONTEACTED VEBB : teont (earlier tihan) tab tigon tigen CLASS II. beodan bead budon boden brucan breac brucon brocen Like beodan are creopan, dreogan, fleogan, fleotan, geotan, sclotan and a few others. NOTE, ceosant ceas curon coren Like brucan are bugan, lucan, lutan, scufan, and a few others. CONTRACTED VERB : teon (teohan) teah tugon togen Like teon is fleon. CLASS III. Containing only strong verbs with two or more consonants following the stem-vowel. (i) drincan dranc druncon druncen * This variation of consonants in the past tense and past participle of some strong verbs is called ' grammatical change,' and is due to the differing positions of the stress-accent in the primitive Germanic speech from which O.E. descended (Varner's 'law'). t Meaning ' to accuse ' ; not to be confused with teon, Class II, ' to draw.' + This verb shows ' grammatical change.' 102 O.E. ACCIDENCE Like drincan are bindan, blinnan, onginnan, sincan} singan, springan, swimman, swingan, windan, winnan and some others. Findan often has past indie, sing, funde for all three persons. biernan barn burnon burnen Like biernan is iernan. (ii) helpan healp hulpon holpen Like helpan are del/an, gieldan, gielpan} meltan, swelgan, sweltan and a few others. (iii) weorpan wearp wurpon worpen Like weorpan are beorgan, ceorfan, hweorfan, steorfan, sweorcan and some others. NOTE. weordan wear]? wurdon worden (iv) berstan baerst burston borsten bregdan brsegd brugdon brogden frignan fraegn frugnon frugnen murnan mearn murnon feohtan feaht fuhton Like bregdan is spurnan. stregdan. Like berstan is Iperscan. CLASS IV. beran baer bseron So : brecan, cwelan, helan, stelan, teran, Tpwer NOTE. NOTE. CLASS V. (i) scieran cuman niman sprecan scear c(w)6m nom nam spraec scearon e(w)omon nomon namon sprascon fohten Like murnan is boren scoren cunien numen sprecen So : metan, lesan, (ge)nesan, tredan, we/an, wegan, wrecan. geaf set cwaef geafon seto_n cwJedon w&ron Like etan is fretan. giefen eten cweden NOTE. giefan etan cwedan wesan Like giefan is -gietan. CONTRACTED VEBB : seon seah sawon sewen (ssegon) (segen) (ii) biddan bsed baedon beden NOTE. licgan laeg laegon legen lagon Like biddan is sittan. Like licgan is \icgan (only in poetry, otherwise weak). Its past indie, is \eah (or ]?dh), \wgon; pp. pegen. O.E. ACCIDENCE 103 CLASS VI. (i) faran for foron faren So : dragon, galan, grafan, hladan, scacan, scafan, spanan, wascan and some others. NOTE. standan stod stodon standen wascnan woe wocon wacen (ii) hebban hof hofon halen, haelen hliehhan hloh hlogon sceddan scod scodon scieppan scop scopon sceapen staeppan stop stopon stapen, stsepen swerian swor sworon sworen N.B. — Sworen is by analogy with verbs of Class IV. CONTRACTED VERB : slean (slahan) sloh slogon slagen, slaegen So : lean, \wlan. B. REDUPLICATING STRONG VERBS. The past tense form of these verbs is the result of contraction in the prehistoric (Primitive Germanic) period. There are two classes of these verbs, distinguished by the past stem- vowel. CLASS I. hatan net heton haten Isetan let leton Iseten Like Icetan are (on)drcedan} slcepan. Like hatan is Idcan. Blandan has blend, blendon, blanden. Sl&pan has generally a weak past slcepte. CONTRACTED VERB : Ion feng fengon langen So hon. CLASS II. (i) bannan beon(n) beonnon bannen So : gangan} spannan. (ii) feallan feol(l) feollon feallen So : fealdan, healdan, wealcan, wealdan, weallan, weaxan. (iii) blawan >bleow bleowon blawen So : cnawan, mdwan, sdwan, swdpan. (iv) beatan beot beoton beaten So : heawan, hleapan. (v) blowan bleow bleowon blowen So : ftowan, growan, rowan, spowan. NOTE, wepan weop weopon 104 O.E. ACCIDENCE beran beranne berende CONJUGATION OF STRONG VERBS. INFINITIVE. bindan ceosan teon GERUND on INFLECTED INFIN. bindanne ceosanne teonne bindende PRES. PART. ceosende teonde PRES. INDICATIVE. S.I bere binde ceose teo (orig. teohe) 2 3 PI. 1 bir(e)st bir(e)j> berab (berest) bintst (bindest) ciest (ceosest) (bere}>) bint (bindej?) ciest (ceosej?) binda]? ceosap tlehst (teohest) tiehf (teohej>) teoj? (orig. teohaj>) 2 berap blndap ceosap teoj? 3 beraj? bindap ceosap teoj? PRES. SUBJUNCTIVE. S.I bere binde ceose teo (orig. teohe) 2 bere binde ceose teo 3 bere binde ceose teo PL 1 beren binden ceosen teon (orig. teohen) 2 beren binden ceosen teon 3 beren binden ceosen teon IMPERATIVE. S. ber bind ceos teoh P. beraj> bindap ceosap teoj) (orig. teohaj>) PAST INDICATIVE. S. 1 baer band ceas teah 2 bare bunde cure tuge 3 bar band ceas teah PL 1 bseron bundon curon tugon 2 bseron bundon curon tugon 3 bseron bundon curon tugon PAST SUBJUNCTIVE. S.I bsere bunde cure tuge 2 bsere bunde cure tuge 3 baere bunde cure tuge P1.1 baaren bunden curen tugen 2 baeren bunden curen tugen 3 barren bunden curen tugen PAST PARTICIPLE. boren bunden coren togen NOTE. The imperative of biddan, sittan is bide, bidda\>; site, sittcfy. O.E. ACCIDENCE 105 C. PAST-PRESENT OR * STRONG- WEAK ' VERBS. These verbs have as their present tense an old strong perfect tense, corresponding to Latin novi, or Greek 0tSa. The infinitive, past tense, and present participle were later formations. All these verbs fall under the classes of strong verbs (see above), but they show considerable deviation. Class 1. wat, 2 sing, wast, 3 s. wat; pi. witon; infin. witan; past wiste (wisse) ; past p. gewiten. ah; 2 s. ahst; 3s. ah; pi. agon, infin. agan; past ante. Class II. deah(deah); pi. dugon; infin. dugan; past dohte Class III. can(n); 2 s. canst; 3 s. cann; pi. cunnon; infin. cunnan; past cude. So : an(n). fearf, 2 s. J?earft ; 3 s. pearl ; pi. Jmrfon ; infin. Jmrf an ; past j?ortte. dear(r), 2 s. dearst; 3 s. dear(r) ; pi. durron; past dorste. Class IV. sceal, 2 s. scealt ; 3 s. sceal ; pi. sculon ; infin. sculan ; past scolde (ge)man, 2 s. (ge)manst; 3 s. (ge)man; pi. (ge)munon; infin. (ge)munan; past (ge)munde. Class V. mag ; 2 s. meant ; 3 s. maeg ; pi. magon ; infin. magan ; past meahte. (ge)neah; pi. (ge)nugon; past (ge)nohte. Class VI. m6t ; 2 s. most ; 3 s. mot ; pi. motony past m6ste. WEAK VERBS. By far the larger number of O.E. verbs belong to the ' weak ' category. Weak presents and the weak imperative are inflected as in strong verbs. The weak past indie, sing, endings differ from those of strong verbs. The past tense is formed by adding -de (or -te after a voiceless con- sonant, e.g. s}, -ede, or -ode to the stem. The past participle ends in -ed or -od (except where assimilation and contraction take place). Weak verbs are divided into three classes : Class I. The stem-vowel shows j. umlaut. The infinitive ends in -an (some contracted verbs end in -n), except when the stem ends in r, in which case it ends in -tan, e.g. nerian. The 'irregular' verbs of this class show umlaut in the present stem only. Class II. The infinitive always ends in -tan, and the stem- vowel never shows t umlaut, e.g. lufian. Verbs of this class, outnumbering all others, are formed as a general rule from nouns and adjectives. Class III. There are only four verbs in this class, viz., habban, libban, secgan, hycgan. CONJUGATION OF WEAK VERBS. CLASS I. INFINITIVE. dselan fremman nerian settan gierwan gretan 106 O.E. ACCIDENCE GERUND OR INFLECTED INFINITIVE. dselanne fremmanne nerianne settanne gierwanne gretanne PRESENT PARTICIPLE. daelende fremmende neriende settende gierwende gretende PRESENT INDICATIVE. Sing. 1 fdale fremme nerie sette gierwe grete 2\ dJel(e)st fremest nerest setst gierest gret(e)st 3 [dielje)}? fremej) nerej? sett (sete]>) gierej) grett (grete}?) Plur. 1 f 2] daela]) fremmaj? neriaj? settaj? gierwap greta]? PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE. Sing. 1 f 2 1 dale fremme nerie sette gierwe grete Plur. 1 r 2 1 daelen fremmen nerien setten gierwen greten 3\ IMPERATIVE. Sing. 2 dal freme nere sete giere gret Plur. 2 dsela}? freinmaj? neriaj? settaj) gierwaj? greta]> PAST INDICATIVE. Sing. 1 / dJelde fremede nerede sette gierede grette $\ dzeldest fremedest neredest settest gieredest grettest 3 ( dJelde fremede nerede sette gierede grette Plur. 1 C 2{ dseldon 31 fremedon neredon setton gieredon gretton PAST SUBJUNCTIVE. Sing. 1 r 2 dselde 31 fremede nerede sette gierede grette Plur. 1 c 2|dalden fremeden nereden setten giereden gretten PAST PARTICIPLE. dated fremed nered sett giered grett (seted) (greted) NOTES. Like dcelan are verbs with a stem not ending in a doubled consonant or in t, p, c, x, r. Like fremman are verbs with a stem ending in a doubled consonant other than t} pt c, x, r. Like nerian are derian, gebyrian, erian, ferian, herian, onhyrian, styrian, werian. O.E. ACCIDENCE 107 IRREGULAR VERBS OF CLASS I. NOTE. The past stem-vowel ea of certain of these verbs is due to ' breaking ' before A + consonant or I + consonant. In fin. Past Indie. Past Part. bycgan bohte geboht cweccean cweahte gecweaht cwellan cwealde gecweald raacean rsehte geraht rahte laeccean Iffhta gelaeht secean sohte gesoht reccean* rohte brengan brohte gebroht )?encean polite gepoht Jjyncean puhte ge]?uht wyrcean worhte geworht Like cweccean are dreccean, leccean, reccean , streccean, Reccean, weccean. Like cwellan are dwellan, sellan, stellan, tellan. Like rcecean is tcecean. CLASS II. Verbs of this class present no difficulty. Pres. Indie. Pres. Subj. Past Indie. Past Subj. Infin. lufian Sing. 1 lufie lufle lufode lulode Ger. iufianne 2 lufast lufodest Pres. p. lufiende 3 lulaj> lufode Plur. luflab luflen lufedon luloden lufedon Imperat. Past Part. Sing. 2 lufa lufod Plur. 2 lufla}) NOTE. The past indie, plur. usually ends in -edon instead of -odon; compare the declension of the noun heofon above. CLASS III. INFINITIVE. habban libban secgan hycgan GERUND. habbanne libbanne secganne hycganne PEES. PART. habbende libbende secgende hycgende * Meaning ' care for,' ' reck.' 108 O.E. ACCIDENCE Sing. 1 haebbe haiast rhafab Plur. habbab Sing, haebbe Plur. haebben Sing. 2 hafa Plur. 2 habbab Sing. 1 haefde 2 haefdest 3 haefde Plur. haefdon Sing, haefde Plur. haefden gehaefd NOTE. Lib ban the second class. but it is generally PEES. INDICATIVE. libbe secge liofast /sagast \saegst liofab fsagab \saegb libbab secgab PBES. SUBJUNCTIVE. libbe secge libben secgen IMPERATIVE. liofa saga libbab secgab PAST INDICATIVE. Hide saegde lifdest Scegdest lifde saegde lifdon saegdon PAST SUBJUNCTIVE. lifde saegde lifden saegden PAST PARTICIPLE. gelifd gesaegd hycge /hogast (nyg(e)st jhogab hycge hycgen hoga hycgab hogde hogdest hogde hogdon hogde hogden gehogod and hycgan are often conjugated like weak verbs of Fylgean may also be included in the third class, conjugated as folgian. Hog ode often occurs for hogde. ANOMALOUS VERBS. The four verbs cf this class are also known as 'athematic verbs verbs in -mi.' Cf. Greek €t/zt> efcc., and Latin sum. I. The verb * to be.' or Infin. beon wesan Pres. Indie. Sing. 1 beo 2 bist eart 3 bib is Plur. beob sint sindon Pres. Subjunct. Sing. beo sie Plur. beon slei Gerund, beonne wesanne Past Indie. Sing. 1 waes 2 ware 3 waes Plur. wseron Pres. Part, beonde Imperat. Sing. 2 beo wes Plur. 2. beob wesab Past Subjunct. Sing. ware Plur. waeren NOTE. It will be seen that this verb has several distinct roots; cf. Lat. esse, fuisse. The place of a past participle is supplied by geworden, from weor&an. O.E. ACCIDENCE 109 II. 'To do.' Infin. Gerund. Pres. part. don donne donde Pres. Indie. Pres. Subjunct. Past Indie. Past Subjunct. Sing. 1 do Sing. do Sing. 1 dyde Sing. dyde 2 dest Plur. don 2 dydest Plur. dyden 3 dej? 3 dyde Plur. do}> Plur. dydon Imperat. Past Part. Sing. 2 do geddn Plur. 2 do}) III. 'To go.' Infin. Gerund. Pres. Part. gan ganne gande Pres. Indie. Pres. Subjunct. Past Indie. Past Subjunct. Sing. 1 ga Sing. ga Sing. 1 eode Sing. eode 2 gsst Plur. gan 2 eodest Plur. eoden 3 Plur. g*k gaj> Plur. 3 eode eodon Imperat. Past Part. Sing. 2 ga gegan / Pres. Indie. Sing. 1 wille 2 wilt 3 wile, wille Plur. willa)) IV. 'Will.' Infin. willan Gerund. willanne Pres. Subjunct. Sing, wille, wile Plur. willen Past Indie. Sing. 1 wolde 2 woldest 3 wolde Plur. woldon Past Subjunct. Sing, wolde Plur. wolden PE Beda Venerabilis 137 Selections from the Old B43 English Bede PLEASE DO NOT REMOVE CARDS OR SLIPS FROM THIS POCKET UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO LIBRARY